{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:54:46Z","timestamp":1760147686094,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 3-year-old Chihuahua was presented because of exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, and syncopal episodes. At the age of 10 weeks, the dog was diagnosed with a congenital small left-to-right shunting ventricular septal defect and a mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction via echocardiography. At that time, the dog was asymptomatic, but the breeder\u2019s veterinarian heard a murmur. Both cardiac defects were judged to be clinically non-relevant at that time. However, at 3 years of age, echocardiography revealed a severe right ventricular obstruction, known as a double-chambered right ventricle, along with right-to-left shunting via the ventricular septal defect. Because of chronic hypoxemia due to the right-to-left shunting, erythrocytosis developed. Flow reversal via the shunt was caused by a progressively worsening right ventricular obstruction leading to a supra-systemic right ventricular systolic pressure. Because of the poor prognosis, the dog was euthanized, and the heart was submitted for post-mortem examination. Gross pathologic findings revealed the close proximity of the right ventricular obstructive lesion to the ventricular septal defect. Histopathology revealed localized muscular hypertrophy and severe endocardial fibrosis. The suspected pathogenesis of the progressive obstruction was infiltrative myocardial fibrosis due to turbulent blood flow from the left-to-right shunting ventricular septal defect, as described in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1677029987000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progressive Right Ventricular Obstruction Caused by a Double-Chambered Right Ventricle Resulting in Shunt-Reversal via a Concomitant Congenital Ventricular Septal Defect and Subsequent Erythrocytosis in a Dog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Szatm\u00e1ri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dirven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Aupperle-Lellbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboklin GMBH & CO.KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.2.166","article-title":"Signalment, clinical features, echocardiographic findings, and outcome of dogs and cats with ventricular septal defects: 109 cases (1992\u20132013)","volume":"247","author":"Bomassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61339-6","article-title":"Ventricular septal defect","volume":"377","author":"Penny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.06.020","article-title":"Classification of ventricular septal defects for the eleventh iteration of the international classification of diseases\u2014Striving for consensus: A report from the international society for nomenclature of paediatric and congenital heart disease","volume":"106","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.15588","article-title":"Congenital, acquired, or both? The only two congenitally based, acquired heart diseases","volume":"36","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixedbreed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats","volume":"17","author":"Schrope","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, P.G., Polli, M., Pradelli, D., Papa, M., Rizzi, R., Bagardi, M., and Bussadori, C. (2020). Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.25.964262"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0803.2007.00135.x","article-title":"Spatial relationship between the ventricular septal defect and the anomalous muscle bundle in a double-chambered right ventricle","volume":"2","author":"Hubail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02828-w","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as underlying mechanism for the formation of double-chambered right ventricle","volume":"43","author":"Weixler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0485","article-title":"Epidemiological and morphological studies of double-chambered right ventricle in dogs","volume":"73","author":"Fukushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"486","article-title":"Double-chambered right ventricle in two dogs","volume":"178","author":"Willard","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.770","article-title":"Surgical correction of double-chambered right ventricle in dogs","volume":"220","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2017.10.001","article-title":"Cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon dilation for palliative treatment of congenital double-chambered right ventricle and primary infundibular stenosis in a Golden retriever dog","volume":"19","author":"Schober","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16072","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of dogs and cats with bidirectional and continuous right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"35","author":"Greet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12919","article-title":"A radiographic study of breed-specific vertebral heart score and vertebral left atrial size in Chihuahuas","volume":"62","author":"Puccinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C., and Cote, E. (2017). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [8th ed.]. Section XII, Chapter 200."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/3\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:38:24Z","timestamp":1760121504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/3\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10030174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10030174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]}}}