{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:27:55Z","timestamp":1790760475141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Companion Animal Health (CCAH), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales is a significant threat to animal and human health. This study aims to describe the clinical features, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and genotypic features of infections associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in dogs and cats seen at a tertiary referral veterinary teaching hospital. Enterobacterales isolated from dogs and cats that underwent ESBL testing during the study period were identified using a search of the hospital antimicrobial susceptibility test software database. Medical records of confirmed ESBL isolates were reviewed, and the source of infection, clinical findings, and antimicrobial susceptibility were recorded. Genomic DNA from bacterial isolates was evaluated for antimicrobial resistance genes with whole genome sequencing. Thirty ESBL-producing isolates were identified based on phenotypic testing (twenty-nine from dogs, one from a cat); twenty-six were Escherichia coli and the remainder were Klebsiella spp. Bacterial cystitis was the most commonly identified (8\/30, 27%) clinical problem associated with infection. Resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was identified in 90% (27\/30) of isolates, and all isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Over 70% of isolates were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and cefoxitin. BlaCTX-M-15 was the most common ESBL gene identified, present in 13\/22 (59%) isolate genomes. A wide range of clinical infections were identified. Piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin may be alternatives to carbapenem therapy. Further, larger-scale studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:59:16Z","timestamp":1677038356000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Producing Enterobacterales Isolated from Dogs and Cats, 2011\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Woerde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystle L.","family":"Reagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7471-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart C.","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven E.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9329-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cory","family":"Schlesener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bihua C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9519718","article-title":"The Growing Genetic and Functional Diversity of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases","volume":"2018","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1211","article-title":"A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular-structure","volume":"39","author":"Bush","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: A clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","article-title":"AmpC beta-lactamases","volume":"22","author":"Jacoby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68531","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in Gram Negative Bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Rawat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1914433","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in U.S. Hospitalized Patients, 2012\u20132017","volume":"382","author":"Jernigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.04.007","article-title":"Mortality following bacteraemic infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli compared to non-ESBL producing E. coli","volume":"55","author":"Melzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki166","article-title":"Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) in the community","volume":"56","author":"Pitout","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.03.020","article-title":"Occurrence of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among pet dogs and cats: An emerging public health threat outside health care facilities","volume":"42","author":"Samir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz462","article-title":"Faecal carriage, risk factors, acquisition and persistence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs and cats and co-carriage with humans belonging to the same household","volume":"75","author":"Fluit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [30th ed.]. CLSI supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [5th ed.]. CLSI supplement VET01S."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00518-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00518-17","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequences of 1183 Salmonella Strains from the 100K Pathogen Genome Project","volume":"5","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00171-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00171-17","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Abortive Campylobacter jejuni from Northern California","volume":"5","author":"Weis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1950955","article-title":"Analyses of publicly available Hungatella hathewayi genomes revealed genetic distances indicating they belong to more than one species","volume":"12","author":"Camorlinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2022, May 01). The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. Available online: https:\/\/card.mcmaster.ca\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Seemann, T.A., Goncalves da Silva, A., Bulach, D.M., Schultz, M.B., Kwong, J.C., and Howden, B.P. (2023, January 25). \u201cNullarbor\u201d Github. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/nullarbor."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolley, K.A., and Maiden, M.C. (2010). BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00027","article-title":"Sourmash: A library for MinHash sketching of DNA","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, January 20). Sequence Read Archive Database, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sra."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.005","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"49","author":"Byron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.06.004","article-title":"Etiology and prevalence of ESBLs in adult community-onset urinary tract infections in East China: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"83","author":"Quan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100236","article-title":"Global prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing-Escherichia coli in dogs and cats\u2014A scoping review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Benavides","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: Characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat","volume":"14","author":"Bradford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.09.002","article-title":"Management of Infections Caused by Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Pathogens: Recent Advances and Future Directions","volume":"52","author":"Bassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190017743134","article-title":"The Role of Cefepime in the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Infections","volume":"32","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0196","article-title":"Emergence of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Companion Animals in Algeria","volume":"22","author":"Yousfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, Y.B., Lee, J., Kim, Y.K., Lee, S.S., Lee, J.A., Kim, H.Y., Uh, Y., Kim, H.S., and Song, W. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime and ertapenem for the treatment of urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2502-x"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2049936118811053","article-title":"Efficacy of cefoxitin for the treatment of urinary tract infection due to extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","volume":"6","author":"Senard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0043","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria from Healthy and Diseased Dogs and Cats Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital in Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Sfaciotte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00279","article-title":"Prevalence of Beta-Lactam and Quinolone\/Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae From Dogs in France and Spain-Characterization of ESBL\/pAmpC Isolates, Genes, and Conjugative Plasmids","volume":"6","author":"Dupouy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.04.015","article-title":"Carriage and population genetics of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in cats and dogs in New Zealand","volume":"233","author":"Karkaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5666","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00656-11","article-title":"Molecular characterization of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in clinical Escherichia coli isolates from companion animals in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Shaheen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1684-1182(10)60038-2","article-title":"Clinical implications, risk factors and mortality following community-onset bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and non-ESBL producing Escherichia coli","volume":"43","author":"Hsieh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.02.026","article-title":"Individual- and community-level risk factors for ESBL Enterobacteriaceae colonization identified by universal admission screening in London","volume":"25","author":"Otter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101978","article-title":"Risk factors for faecal colonisation with Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum and plasmid-mediated AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in dogs","volume":"175","author":"Belas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"31514","article-title":"Evidence of household transfer of ESBL-\/pAmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae between humans and dogs\u2014A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Ljungquist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"DC05","article-title":"Enhancing Phenotypic Detection of ESBL in AmpC co-producers by using Cefepime and Tazobactam","volume":"10","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/3\/178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:39:03Z","timestamp":1760121543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/3\/178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10030178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10030178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]}}}