{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:40Z","timestamp":1792790200500,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the MUR PNRR National Center for Gene Therapy and Drugs based on RNA Technology","award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}]},{"name":"PRIMA (Partnership for research and innovation in the Mediterranean area)","award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to characterize the inflammatory phenotype of livers of sheep naturally infected by cystic echinococcosis, 100 sheep livers have been macroscopically assessed for the presence of hydatid cysts and sampled for histopathological and molecular analysis. According to gross and microscopic examination, livers were subsequently classified into three groups: normal liver (Group A), liver with the presence of fertile hydatid cysts (Group B), and liver with the presence of sterile hydatid cysts (Group C). Immunohistochemical analyses were accomplished using primary antibodies anti-Iba1, anti-CD3, anti-CD20, anti-TGF-\u03b2, and anti-MMP9. Finally, real-time PCR was performed in order to estimate the concentration levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interferon-\u03b3 (INF-\u03b3), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b2. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a diffuse immunolabelling of mononuclear cells for Iba-1 and TGF-\u03b2 and a higher amount of CD20+ B cells compared to CD3+ T cells in both Groups B and C. The expression levels of Th-1-like immune cytokines TNF-\u03b1, INF-\u03b3, and IL-12 did not show significant statistical differences. However, we found a significant increase in expression levels of Th-2 immune cytokines TGF-\u03b2 and IL-10 in Groups B and C compared to Group A. Taken together, our findings suggest that macrophages have a predominant role in the local immune response to cystic echinococcosis. Moreover, we can speculate that Th2 immunity may be dominant, corroborating the idea that B cells are decisively essential in the control of the immune response during parasitic infection and that the immunomodulatory role of IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 may ensure the persistence of the parasite within the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T05:10:14Z","timestamp":1682572214000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of the Local Immune Response to Hydatid Cysts in Sheep Liver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8118-9807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"De Biase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0399-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Prisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3908-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1637-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Piegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"d\u2019Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serenella","family":"Papparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7564-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Maurelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Paciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04934-9","article-title":"Epidemiology and spatial distribution of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats slaughtered in a hyperendemic European Mediterranean area","volume":"14","author":"Bosco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-019-01129-z","article-title":"Role of stellate cells in hepatic echinococcosis in cattle","volume":"43","author":"Atmaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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