{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:47:57Z","timestamp":1792496877643,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.09461.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.09461.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents a major cause of acute hepatitis and is considered an emerging public health problem around the world. In the Middle East\u2019s and Africa\u2019s arid regions, where camels frequently interact with human populations and camel-derived food products are a component of the food chain, camel-borne zoonotic HEV infection is a potential threat. To date, no review paper has been published on HEV in camels. As such, the purpose of the current work is to provide a scientific review of the identification of HEV genotypes seven and eight in camels worldwide to have a better understanding of the current status of this topic and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Searches were carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Mendeley, Web of Science, and Scopus, including studies published until 31 December 2022 (n = 435). Once the databases were checked for duplicate papers (n = 307), the exclusion criteria were applied to remove any research that was not relevant (n = 118). As a result, only 10 papers were found to be eligible for the study. Additionally, in eight of the ten studies, the rates of HEV infection were found to be between 0.6% and 2.2% in both stool and serum samples. Furthermore, four studies detected HEV genotype seven in dromedary camels, and two studies have shown HEV genotype eight in Bactrian camels. Interestingly, these genotypes were recently reported in camels from the Middle East and China, where one human infection with HEV genotype seven has been associated with the consumption of contaminated camel meat and milk. In conclusion, more research will be needed to determine the prevalence of HEV infection in camels around the world as well as the risk of foodborne transmission of contaminated camel products. As camels are utility animals in several countries, HEV in these animals may pose a potential risk to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Camels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Santos-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahima","family":"Hemnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Lopez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba, Hospital Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M. R.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosensor Ntech-Nanotechnology Services, Lda, Avenida da Liberdade, 249, 1\u00b0 Andar, 1250-143 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Rivero-Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba, Hospital Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim H. M.","family":"Van der Poel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, February 09). WHO Hepatitis E, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-e."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.003","article-title":"Bin Hepatitis E Virus: An Emerging Enigmatic and Underestimated Pathogen","volume":"29","author":"Raji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001778","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001778","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae 2022","volume":"103","author":"Purdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00822-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00822-17","article-title":"Characterization of the Quasi-Enveloped Hepatitis E Virus Particles Released by the Cellular Exosomal Pathway","volume":"91","author":"Nagashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61849-7","article-title":"Hepatitis E","volume":"379","author":"Kamar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.045","article-title":"Update on Hepatitis e Virology: Implications for Clinical Practice","volume":"65","author":"Debing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198355","article-title":"Identification and a Full Genome Analysis of Novel Camel Hepatitis E Virus Strains Obtained from Bactrian Camels in Mongolia","volume":"299","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001435","article-title":"Update: Proposed Reference Sequences for Subtypes of Hepatitis E Virus (Species Orthohepevirus A)","volume":"101","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17086","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.86","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection","volume":"3","author":"Kamar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.07.004","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus: Host Tropism and Zoonotic Infection","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723650","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3723650","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis e Virus in Goats at Slaughterhouse in Tai\u2019an Region, China","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109618","article-title":"Animal Reservoirs for Hepatitis E Virus within the Paslahepevirus Genus","volume":"278","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1204512","article-title":"Hepatitis E","volume":"367","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01425","article-title":"Hepatitis E Infection in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"10","author":"Frias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.09.003","article-title":"A 5-Year Single-Center Experience of Hepatitis E Virus Infection during Pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Karna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31434-6","article-title":"Review of the Neurological Manifestations of Hepatitis E Infection","volume":"11","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1702.100856","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus and Neurologic Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Kamar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"17-00469","article-title":"Case-Control Study on Risk Factors for Acute Hepatitis E in Germany, 2012 to 2014","volume":"23","author":"Faber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Les Mal. Transm.=Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1511.091094","article-title":"Hepatitis E Outbreak on Cruise Ship","volume":"15","author":"Said","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161094","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, France","volume":"23","author":"Lhomme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2019.06.001","article-title":"Transfusion-Transmitted Hepatitis E Virus Infection in France","volume":"33","author":"Gallian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198106","article-title":"Prevalence and Genotype\/Subtype Distribution of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) among Wild Boars in Japan: Identification of a Genotype 5 HEV Strain","volume":"287","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.140140","article-title":"New Hepatitis E Virus Genotype in Camels, the Middle East","volume":"20","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160979","article-title":"New Hepatitis E Virus Genotype in Bactrian Camels, Xinjiang, China, 2013","volume":"22","author":"Woo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.160168","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Dromedaries, North and East Africa, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, 1983\u20132015","volume":"22","author":"Rasche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirazi, R., Pozzi, P., Gozlan, Y., Wax, M., Lustig, Y., Linial, M., Mendelson, E., Bardenstein, S., and Mor, O. (2021). Identification of Hepatitis e Virus Genotypes 3 and 7 in Israel: A Public Health Concern?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112326"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11208-6","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Imported and Domestic Camels in Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.048","article-title":"Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E Virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk","volume":"150","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-020-00176-z","article-title":"How Many Large Camelids in the World? A Synthetic Analysis of the World Camel Demographic Changes","volume":"10","author":"Faye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.30564\/jzr.v2i3.2104","article-title":"Portrayal of Camel Production in The Desert Ecosystem of Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Faraz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"503","article-title":"Reared under Different Management Systems","volume":"51","author":"Faraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"290","article-title":"Role of Camel in Food Security: A Perspective Aspect","volume":"7","author":"Faraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fish."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-020-0159-3","article-title":"Dromedary (Camelus Dromedarius) and Bactrian Camel (Camelus Bactrianus) Crossbreeding Husbandry Practices in Turkey and Kazakhstan: An in-Depth Review","volume":"10","author":"Dioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5367\/000000007780223669","article-title":"Role of Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya","volume":"36","author":"Guliye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Outlook Agric."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915475","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.915475","article-title":"Camel Viral Diseases: Current Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Preventive Strategies","volume":"9","author":"Kandeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170342","article-title":"Serologic Evidence for Influenza C and D Virus among Ruminants and Camelids, Africa, 1991\u20132015","volume":"23","author":"Salem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181158","article-title":"Influenza D Virus Infection in Dromedary Camels, Ethiopia","volume":"25","author":"Murakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00448-1","article-title":"Sero-Prevalence and Mother-to-Infant Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus among Pregnant Women in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"100","author":"Kumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (Prisma-p) 2015: Elaboration and Explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (ITOL) v4: Recent Updates and New Developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions When There Are Strong Transition-Transversion and G+C-Content Biases","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.04.008","article-title":"Serological Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Ethiopia","volume":"246","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000062","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Dromedary Camels, Bedouins, Muslim Arabs and Jews in Israel, 2009\u20132017","volume":"147","author":"Bassal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"7","article-title":"Transmission of a Novel Genotype of Hepatitis E Virus from Bactrian Camels to Cynomolgus Macaques","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01626-9","article-title":"First Molecular Detection of Hepatitis E Virus Genome in Camel and Pig Faecal Samples in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Bari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0807-5","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in the Countries of the Middle East and North Africa Region: An Awareness of an Infectious Threat to Blood Safety","volume":"44","author":"Yazbek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9860","article-title":"A Novel Virus in Swine Is Closely Related to the Human Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"94","author":"Meng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02396","article-title":"Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: An Ignored Risk for Public Health","volume":"8","author":"Nan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70255-X","article-title":"Hepatitis E: An Emerging Infection in Developed Countries","volume":"8","author":"Dalton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.140791","article-title":"Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus from Raw Pork Liver Sausage, France","volume":"20","author":"Renou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02990","article-title":"Occurrence of Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs and Pork Cuts and Organs at the Time of Slaughter, Spain, 2017","volume":"10","author":"Valero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.854","article-title":"Survey of Hepatitis E Virus in Pork Products and Pig Stools in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Thippornchai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.197985","article-title":"Swine Hepatitis E Virus: Cross-Species Infection, Pork Safety and Chronic Infection","volume":"284","author":"Sooryanarain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.191758","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 7 RNA and Antibody Kinetics in Naturally Infected Dromedary Calves, United Arab Emirates","volume":"26","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridhar, S., Teng, J.L.L., Chiu, T.-H., Lau, S.K.P., and Woo, P.C.Y. (2017). Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes and Evolution: Emergence of Camel Hepatitis E Variants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040869"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenney, S.P. (2019). The Current Host Range of Hepatitis E Viruses. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050452"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/5\/323\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:26:15Z","timestamp":1760124375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/5\/323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10050323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10050323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]}}}