{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:55:42Z","timestamp":1791582942321,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea turtles are important for the maintenance of marine and beach ecosystems, but they are seriously endangered due to factors mainly related to human activities and climate change such as pollution, temperature increase, and predation. Infectious and parasitic diseases may contribute to reducing the number of sea turtles. Bacteria are widespread in marine environments and, depending on the species, may act as primary or opportunistic pathogens. Most of them are able to infect other animal species, including humans, in which they can cause mild or severe diseases. Therefore, direct or indirect contact of humans with sea turtles, their products, and environment where they live represent a One Health threat. Chlamydiae, Mycobacteria, and Salmonellae are known zoonotic agents able to cause mild or severe diseases in sea turtles, other animals, and humans. However, other bacteria that are potentially zoonotic, including those that are antimicrobially resistant, are involved in different pathologies of marine turtles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:29:22Z","timestamp":1683512962000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Bacterial Infections in Sea Turtles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Valentina Virginia","family":"Ebani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). Sea Turtle Conservancy. Available online: https:\/\/conserveturtles.org\/information-sea-turtles-species-world."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, March 14). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/en."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). SEE Turtles. Available online: https:\/\/www.seeturtles.org\/why-are-sea-turtles-important."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashkour, N., Jones, K., Kophamel, S., Hipolito, T., Ahasan, S., Walker, G., Jakob-Hoff, R., Whittaker, M., Hamann, M., and Bell, I. (2020). Disease risk analysis in sea turtles: A baseline study to inform conservation efforts. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.10.985432"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817751218","article-title":"A Review on Chlamydial Diseases in Animals: Still a Challenge for Pathologists?","volume":"55","author":"Borel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2021.126200","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of a new genus Chlamydiifrater gen. nov. inside the family Chlamydiaceae with two new species isolated from flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus): Chlamydiifrater phoenicopteri sp. nov. and Chlamydiifrater volucris sp. nov","volume":"44","author":"Vorimore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.12.284","article-title":"Pneumonia in Moorish tortoises (Testudo graeca) associated with avian serovar A Chlamydia psittaci","volume":"135","author":"Vanrompay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"45","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in reptiles in Argentina","volume":"46","author":"Frutos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12287","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Chlamydia DNA in zoo animals in Japan","volume":"59","author":"Kabeya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-005-0838-y","article-title":"Evidence of infection in tortoises by Chlamydia-like organisms that are genetically distinct from known Chlamydiaceae species","volume":"29","author":"Hotzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitura, A., Niemczuk, K., Zar\u0119ba, K., Zaj\u0105c, M., Laroucau, K., and Szyma\u0144ska-Czerwi\u0144ska, M. (2017). Free-living and captive turtles and tortoises as carriers of new Chlamydia spp.. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185407"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2020.126071","article-title":"Detection of a novel Chlamydia species in captive spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) in southeastern Spain and proposal of Candidatus Chlamydia testudinis","volume":"43","author":"Laroucau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100101","article-title":"Chlamydiosis in mariculture-reared green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)","volume":"31","author":"Homer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1078\/0723-2020-00086","article-title":"Molecular evidence to support the expansion of the host range of Chlamydophila pneumoniae to include reptiles as well as humans, horses, koalas and amphibians","volume":"25","author":"Bodetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitken, I.D. (2007). Diseases of Sheep, Blackwelll Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470753316"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2603.191417","article-title":"Chlamydia abortus in Pregnant Woman with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Pichon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pace, A., Vicari, N., Rigamonti, S., Magnino, S., Borrelli, L., Dipineto, L., Fioretti, A., Hochscheid, S., Tavares, L., and Duarte, A. (2022). Detection of Chlamydial DNA from Mediterranean Loggerhead Sea Turtles in Southern Italy. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060715"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_902_20","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"152","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2147-2152.2003","article-title":"Characterization of Mycobacterium montefiorense sp. nov., a novel pathogenic mycobacterium from moray eels that is related to Mycobacterium triplex","volume":"41","author":"Levi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02299-0","article-title":"Mycobacterium shottsii sp. nov., a slowly growing species isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","volume":"53","author":"Rhodes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63343-0","article-title":"Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii sp. nov., a slowly growing chromogenic species isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","volume":"55","author":"Rhodes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37217-y","article-title":"A mycobacterial disease is associated with the silent mass mortality of the pen shell Pinna nobilis along the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy","volume":"9","author":"Carella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.15.474","article-title":"Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"152","author":"Oros","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1638\/2008-0125.1","article-title":"Sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in an eastern spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera spinifera) with acute mycobacteriosis","volume":"40","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.05.006","article-title":"Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from captive reptiles","volume":"93","author":"Ebani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2019.11.004","article-title":"Atypical systemic mycobacteriosis in Hermann\u2019s tortoises (Testudo hermanni)","volume":"32","author":"Muro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"162","article-title":"Mycobacterial Cloacitis with Systemic Dissemination in a Hermann\u2019s Tortoise (Testudo hermanni)","volume":"32","author":"Sevilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"439","article-title":"Spontane lungentuberkulose Schildkr\u00f6ten und die Stellung des tuberkelbazil system","volume":"4","author":"Friedmann","year":"1903","journal-title":"ZTuberk"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.736","article-title":"Mycobacterium chelonae osteoarthritis in a Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)","volume":"39","author":"Greer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0252R1.1","article-title":"Disseminated mycobacteriosis in a stranded loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)","volume":"45","author":"Nardini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Leong, J.K., Smith, D.L., R\u00e9v\u00e9ra, D.B., Clary, J.C., Lewis, D.H., Scott, J.L., and DiNuzzo, A.R. (1985, January 1\u20134). Health care and diseases of captive-reared loggerhead and Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtles. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Kemp\u2019s Ridley Sea Turtle Biology, Conservation and Management, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716661746","article-title":"Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a juvenile leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)","volume":"28","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1086\/377267","article-title":"Chronic cutaneous Mycobacterium haemophilum infection acquired from coral injury","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00671.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium haemophilum infections of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research facilities","volume":"270","author":"Whipps","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.11.2.190-192.1980","article-title":"Mycobacteria with a growth requirement for ferric ammonium citrate, identified as Mycobacterium haemophilum","volume":"11","author":"Dawson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103.26-27.577","article-title":"Diseases of chelonians: (2) Necropsy survey of terrapins and turtles","volume":"103","author":"Keymer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3354\/dao009083","article-title":"A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia","volume":"9","author":"Glazebrook","year":"1990","journal-title":"I. Farmed turtles. Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1976)105<564:TIPGST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Pacific Green Sea Turtles, Chelonia mydas","volume":"105","author":"Brock","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., and Thompson, F. (2014). The Prokaryotes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38922-1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sodagari, H.R., Habib, I., Shahabi, M.P., Dybing, N.A., Wang, P., and Bruce, M. (2020). A Review of the Public Health Challenges of Salmonella and Turtles. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020056"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2004.08.002","article-title":"Salmonella enterica isolates from faeces of domestic reptiles and a study of their antimicrobial in vitro sensitivity","volume":"78","author":"Ebani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1556\/030.63.2016.2.5","article-title":"Salmonella infection in healthy pet reptiles: Bacteriological isolation and study of some pathogenic characters","volume":"63","author":"Bertelloni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dec, M., Zaj\u0105c, M., Puchalski, A., Szczepaniak, K., and Urban-Chmiel, R. (2022). Pet Reptiles in Poland as a Potential Source of Transmission of Salmonella. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101125"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.6.169","article-title":"Digestive pathology of sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands between 1993 and 2001","volume":"155","author":"Oros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.17.4.125","article-title":"Enterobacteriaceae isolates in cloacal swabs from live-stranded internally-hooked Loggerhead Sea turtles, Caretta caretta, in the Central Mediterranean Sea","volume":"17","author":"Foti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.02.003","article-title":"Bacterial and viral pathogens detected in sea turtles stranded along the coast of Tuscany, Italy","volume":"185","author":"Fichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pace, A., Rinaldi, L., Ianniello, D., Borrelli, L., Cringoli, G., Fioretti, A., Hochscheid, S., and Dipineto, L. (2019). Gastrointestinal investigation of parasites and Enterobacteriaceae in loggerhead sea turtles from Italian coasts. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2113-4"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.1.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella in Australian reptiles","volume":"47","author":"Scheelings","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Bjorndal, K. (1982). Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution Press."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-006-0032-x","article-title":"Hazards Associated with the Consumption of Sea Turtle Meat and Eggs: A Review for Health Care Workers and the General Public","volume":"3","author":"Aguirre","year":"2006","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"324","article-title":"An outbreak of salmonellosis linked to a marine turtle","volume":"30","author":"Krause","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"E290","article-title":"An outbreak of Salmonella Muenchen after consuming sea turtle, Northern Territory, Australia, 2017","volume":"41","author":"Draper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell. Q. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"21","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) eggs and sand in nesting chambers at Levera Beach, Grenada, West Indies preliminary study","volume":"9","author":"Zieger","year":"2009","journal-title":"West Indian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45752-5","article-title":"A novel host-adapted strain of Salmonella Typhimurium causes renal disease in olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Pacific","volume":"9","author":"Work","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3354\/dao063013","article-title":"Diseases and causes of mortality among sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands, Spain (1998\u20132001)","volume":"63","author":"Oros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000200017","article-title":"Enterobacteriaceae in mouth and cloaca of Podocnemis expansa and P. unifilis (testudines:chelonia) populations of national park of Araguaia plains","volume":"42","author":"Pimenta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trotta, A., Marinaro, M., Sposato, A., Galgano, M., Ciccarelli, S., Paci, S., and Corrente, M. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance in Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta): A Comparison between Clinical and Commensal Bacterial Isolates. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082435"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0216R1.1","article-title":"Salmonella enterica prevalence in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in St. Kitts, West Indies","volume":"44","author":"Dutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12324","article-title":"Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovar Montevideo and Newport in Free-ranging Sea Turtles and Beach Sand in the Caribbean and Persistence in Sand and Seawater Microcosms","volume":"64","author":"Ives","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-515","article-title":"Prevalence, serovars, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from blue land crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi) in Grenada, West Indies","volume":"76","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12018","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in cane toads (Bufo marinus) from Grenada, West Indies, and their antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"60","author":"Drake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2014.05.003","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp. in small Indian mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada, West Indies","volume":"37","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.222-229","article-title":"Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from three species of wild marine turtles in Grenada, West Indies","volume":"14","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.12.018","article-title":"Bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance from eggs of green turtles Chelonia mydas: An indication of polluted effluents","volume":"58","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-10011-y","article-title":"Dolphins and sea turtles may host zoonotic parasites and pathogenic bacteria as indicators of anthropic pressure in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central-Eastern Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"46","author":"Marangi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12392.x","article-title":"Gram-negative bacterial infections and cardiovascular parasitism in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)","volume":"76","author":"Raidal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Mueller, M., and Tainter, C.R. (2023, February 05). Escherichia coli, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK564298\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d220909","article-title":"Short communication: Antimicrobial properties in cloacal fluid of olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)","volume":"22","author":"Praja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodiversitas"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12572","article-title":"Genetic background of CTX-M-15-producing Enterobacter hormaechei ST114 and Citrobacter freundii ST265 co-infecting a free-living green turtle (Chelonia mydas)","volume":"66","author":"Goldberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-018-9728-y","article-title":"Identification of bacteria present in ulcerative stomatitis lesions of captive sea turtles Chelonia mydas","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112340","article-title":"Postmortem investigations on leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) stranded in the Canary Islands (Spain) (1998\u20132017): Evidence of anthropogenic impacts","volume":"167","author":"Camacho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, J., Bender, H., Miller, N., and Thompson, P. (2022). Fatal Bronchopneumonia and Tracheitis in a Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Caused by Serratia proteamaculans. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151891"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-11","article-title":"Serratia infections: From military experiments to current practice","volume":"24","author":"Mahlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1638\/05-118.1","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial flora of nesting green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica","volume":"37","author":"Santoro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2009.04.020","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Gram Negatives isolates from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the central Mediterranean Sea","volume":"58","author":"Foti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.01.051","article-title":"Biomonitoring marine habitats in reference to antibiotic resistant bacteria and ampicillin resistance determinants from oviductal fluid of the nesting green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas","volume":"87","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110575","article-title":"Loggerhead sea turtles as sentinels in the western Mediterranean: Antibiotic resistance and environment-related modifications of Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"149","author":"Pace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116870","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistance profiles of gram-negative bacteria isolated from green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Taiwan","volume":"277","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Poll."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00202-y","article-title":"What lives on and in the sea turtle? A literature review of sea turtle bacterial microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Kuschke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasi, M.F., Migliore, L., Mattei, D., Rotini, A., Thaller, M.C., and Alduina, R. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Wild Captured Loggerhead Sea Turtles. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040162"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alduina, R., Gambino, D., Presentato, A., Gentile, A., Sucato, A., Savoca, D., Filippello, S., Visconti, G., Caracappa, G., and Vicari, D. (2020). Is Caretta caretta a Carrier of Antibiotic Resistance in the Mediterranean Sea?. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030116"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drane, K., Huerlimann, R., Power, M., Whelan, A., Ariel, E., Sheehan, M., and Kinobe, R. (2021). Testudines as Sentinels for Monitoring the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Environments: An Integrative Review. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070775"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2174\/1874070701610010342","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment as bio-indicators of pollution","volume":"10","author":"Paulson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.11.010","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gut bacterial communities of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) pre-hospitalization and post-rehabilitation by high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene","volume":"207","author":"Ahasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, S.A., Ramachandran, A., and Perron, G.G. (2019). Antibiotic pollution in the environment: From microbial ecology to public policy. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060180"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Motarjemi, Y. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.4.1141-1144.1996","article-title":"Vibrio mimicus diarrhea following ingestion of raw turtle eggs","volume":"62","author":"Campos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.1.336-338.1999","article-title":"Sources of Vibrio mimicus contamination of turtle eggs","volume":"65","author":"Barquero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"25","article-title":"Unusual Stranding of Live, Small, Debilitated Loggerhead Turtles along the Northwestern Adriatic Coast","volume":"131","author":"Vallini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Turt. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"635","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio spp. in sea turtles from Northwestern Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Aguirre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03730.x","article-title":"Identification of Vibrio spp. with a set of dichotomous keys","volume":"105","author":"Noguerola","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3354\/dao003085","article-title":"Integumental ulcerative disease in a loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta at the Bermuda Aquarium: Microbiology and histopathology","volume":"3","author":"Wiles","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3354\/dao016133","article-title":"Studies on an ulcerative stomatitis-obstructive rhinitis-pneumonia disease complex in hatchling and juvenile sea turtles Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta","volume":"16","author":"Glazebrook","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.4.666","article-title":"Vibrio damsela Infection in a Stranded Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)","volume":"23","author":"Obendorf","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-36-3-473","article-title":"Proposal to recognize the family Aeromonadaceae","volume":"36","author":"Colwell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868890","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868890","article-title":"Aeromonas and Human Health Disorders: Clinical Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Pessoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-008-9160-9","article-title":"Pseudomonas and Aeromonas isolates from domestic reptiles and study of their antimicrobial in vitro sensitivity","volume":"32","author":"Ebani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2307\/1563944","article-title":"Mass Mortality in Larval Rana sylvatica Attributable to the Bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"20","author":"Nyman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2015.12.003","article-title":"Aeromonas hydrophila Keratitis in Freshwater Turtles","volume":"25","author":"Musgrave","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exotic. Pet. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"69","article-title":"Disease studies aid Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle headstart research","volume":"15","author":"Clary","year":"1984","journal-title":"Herp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3354\/dao009097","article-title":"A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. II. Oceanarium\u2014Reared and wild turtles","volume":"9","author":"Glazebrook","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03305","article-title":"Aeromonas induced polyostotic osteomyelitis in a juvenile loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta","volume":"132","author":"Pace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02351","article-title":"Salt gland adenitis as only cause of stranding of loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta","volume":"95","author":"Camacho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.10.018","article-title":"Potentially lethal bacteria in leatherback turtle eggs in the wild threaten both turtles and conservationists","volume":"410","author":"Soslau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9571(99)00059-4","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. in coastal waters of Southern Italy","volume":"23","author":"Dumontet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1998.853517.x","article-title":"Occurrence, diversity and pathogenicity of mesophilic Aeromonas in estuarine waters of the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea","volume":"85","author":"Fiorentini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000860","article-title":"Microbe Profile: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Opportunistic pathogen and lab rat","volume":"166","author":"Diggle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850684","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.850684","article-title":"Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the Skin Ulcer Disease of Crocodile Lizards (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) and Probiotics as the Control Measure","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.1.8","article-title":"Evaluation of Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) for potential pathogens associated with fibropapillomas","volume":"30","author":"Aguirre","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciccarelli, S., Valastro, C., Di Bello, A., Paci, S., Caprio, F., Corrente, M.L., Trotta, A., and Franchini, D. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Disease in Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta). Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081355"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"109","article-title":"Pathology of hatchling hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) mortalities occurring while under rehabilitative care, 2015\u20132021","volume":"59","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"768","article-title":"Vancomycin resistant Enterococci: A brief review","volume":"68","author":"Raza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, S., Silva, V., Dapkevicius, M.d.L.E., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2020). Enterococci, from harmless bacteria to a pathogen. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0393.v1"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple-antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in an endangered olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea): A case report","volume":"1064","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnoli, G., Bertelloni, F., Interrante, P., Ceccherelli, R., Marzoni, M., and Ebani, V.V. (2022). Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Wild Avifauna from Central Italy. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070852"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.3.315","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Enterococcus spp infections during rehabilitation of cold-stunned Kemp\u2019s ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii): 50 cases (2006\u20132012)","volume":"245","author":"Innis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0178R.1","article-title":"Management of wounds in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) caused by traumatic bycatch injury from the spines of a spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari)","volume":"45","author":"Bezjian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.02.027","article-title":"Enterococcus species diversity and molecular characterization of biomarker genes in Enterococcus faecalis in Port Blair Bay, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India","volume":"94","author":"Meena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Poll. Bull."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.02.071","article-title":"Resistance to antimicrobial agents among enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species in the southern coast of Brazil","volume":"105","author":"Prichula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Poll. Bull."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"288","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern California","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"171","article-title":"Bacterial isolates from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central California coast, 1994-1995","volume":"29","author":"Thornton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0060-2019","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus in animals","volume":"7","author":"Haag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809359601","article-title":"Streptococcal Infection in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 393 Cases","volume":"47","author":"Lamm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.245","article-title":"Isolation and species distribution of staphylococci from animal and human skin","volume":"64","author":"Nagase","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2011.27.3.213","article-title":"Identification of bacteria from the oral cavity and cloaca of snakes imported from Vietnam","volume":"27","author":"Jho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2010.12.005","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant bacteria as bio-indicator of polluted effluent in the green turtles, Chelonia mydas in Oman","volume":"71","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v54i1.13990","article-title":"Flora bacteriana cloacal y nasal de Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) en el pac\u00edficonorte de Costa Rica","volume":"54","author":"Santoro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12584","article-title":"Conjunctival bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility of captive and free-living sea turtles in Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Raposo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03292-z","article-title":"Bacterial diversity of loggerhead and green turtle eggs from two major nesting beaches from the Turkish coast of the Mediterranean","volume":"204","author":"Candan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-20.4.105","article-title":"Bilateral Chronic Shoulder Infections in an Adult Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)","volume":"20","author":"Guthrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"189","article-title":"Microbial Isolations from Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) in Alas Purwo National Park, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 10th International Seminar and 12th Congress of Indonesian Society for Microbiology (ISISM 2019), Surakarta, Indonesia, 29\u201330 August 2019","volume":"12","author":"Sagasiousman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Young, E.J. (2022). Health and Disease Status of Sea Turtles in Western Australia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Murdoch University]."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03545","article-title":"Streptococcus iniae associated mass marine fish kill off Western Australia","volume":"142","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0038522","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00385-22","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequences of Six Isolates of the Bacillus cereus Group Isolated from Pet Reptiles","volume":"11","author":"Kwit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2744\/CCB-0666.1","article-title":"Potential bacterial pathogens carried by nesting leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Costa Rica","volume":"7","author":"Santoro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chelonian Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137717","article-title":"Bacterial diversity of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nest environment","volume":"720","author":"Candan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2020.100964","article-title":"Nest microbiota and pathogen abundance in sea turtle hatcheries","volume":"47","author":"Hoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Renzo, L., De Angelis, M.E., Torresi, M., Di Lollo, V., Di Teodoro, G., Averaimo, D., Defourny, S.V.P., Di Giacinto, F., Profico, C., and Olivieri, V. (2022). First Report of Septicaemic Listeriosis in a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Stranded along the Adriatic Coast: Strain Detection and Sequencing. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182364"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039519","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1039519","article-title":"Microbial composition of carapace, feces, and water column in captive juvenile green sea turtles with carapacial ulcers","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.171821","article-title":"Psychrobacter sanguinis wound infection associated with marine environment exposure, Washington, USA","volume":"24","author":"Bonwitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1907.121599","article-title":"Psychrobacter arenosus bacteremia after blood transfusion, France","volume":"19","author":"Caspar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01197-14","article-title":"Psychrobacter sanguinis: An unusual bacterium for nosocomial meningitis","volume":"52","author":"Wallet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., and Thompson, F. (2014). The Prokaryotes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38922-1"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3354\/esr01116","article-title":"Microbial communities of wild-captured Kemp\u2019s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)","volume":"45","author":"McNally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endanger. Species Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.4.962","article-title":"Pathologic findings in hatchling and posthatchling leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) from Florida","volume":"45","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.00855.x","article-title":"Lactococcus garvieae infections in humans: Possible association with aquaculture outbreaks","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215237","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/215237","article-title":"Elizabethkingia meningosepticum (Chryseobacterium meningosepticum) Infections in Children","volume":"2011","author":"Ceyhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Keller, M., Mustin, W., McManamon, R., and Ritchie, B.W. (2016, January 21\u201326). Clinical Evidence for Association of Clostridium botulinum and Floppy Flipper in Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Proceedings of the 47th Annual IAAAM Meeting and Conference, Virginia Beach, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Tiwari, A., and Nagalli, S. (2023). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"9","article-title":"Identification of bacterial isolates from unhatched loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle eggs in Georgia, USA","volume":"115","author":"Craven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Turt. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation Between Microbial Community and Hatching Failure in Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta","volume":"2023","author":"Capri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070829","article-title":"Marine mammal Brucella genotype associated with zoonotic infection","volume":"14","author":"Whatmore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"International Fund for Animal Welfare (2023, March 10). Sea Turtles. Available online: https:\/\/www.ifaw.org\/international\/animals\/sea-turtles."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"8","article-title":"Health implications associated with exposure to farmed and wild sea turtles","volume":"4","author":"Warwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med. Sh. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"140","article-title":"The sea turtle fishery of Baja California, Mexico","volume":"49","author":"Caldwell","year":"1963","journal-title":"Calif. Fish Game"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"18","article-title":"Sea turtles in Seri Indian culture","volume":"519","author":"Felger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Southwest"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambino, D., Sciortino, S., Migliore, S., Galuppo, L., Puleio, R., Dara, S., Vicari, D., Seminara, S., and Gargano, V. (2021). Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080930"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.04.046","article-title":"Evidence of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriales isolated from green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas on the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"120","author":"Ahasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash, A., and Ryan, E.J. (2023). Immunity in Sea Turtles: Review of a Host-Pathogen Arms Race Millions of Years in the Running. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040556"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/5\/333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:14Z","timestamp":1760124614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/5\/333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10050333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10050333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]}}}