{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:19:44Z","timestamp":1767968384725,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fosfomycin is an old antibacterial agent, which is currently used mainly in human medicine, in uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). The purpose of this review is to investigate the presence and the characteristics of Fosfomycin resistance in bacteria isolated from canine or feline samples, estimate the possible causes of the dissemination of associated strains in pets, and underline the requirements of prospective relevant studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines were used for the search of current literature in two databases. A total of 33 articles were finally included in the review. Relevant data were tracked down, assembled, and compared. Referring to the geographical distribution, Northeast Asia was the main area of origin of the studies. E. coli was the predominant species detected, followed by other Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, and Pseudomonas spp. FosA and fosA3 were the more frequently encountered Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the related Gram-negative isolates, while fosB was regularly encountered in Gram-positive ones. The majority of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and co-carried resistance genes against several classes of antibiotics and especially \u03b2-Lactams, such as blaCTX-M and mecA. These results demonstrate the fact that the cause of the spreading of Fosfomycin-resistant bacteria among pets could be the extended use of other antibacterial agents, that promote the prevalence of MDR, epidemic strains among an animal population. Through the circulation of these strains into a community, a public health issue could arise. Further research is essential though, for the comprehensive consideration of the issue, as the current data are limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T01:57:51Z","timestamp":1683683871000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fosfomycin Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marios","family":"Lysitsas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Chatzipanagiotidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalambos","family":"Billinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3869-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Valiakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3901.122","article-title":"Phosphonomycin, a New Antibiotic Produced by Strains of Streptomyces","volume":"166","author":"Hendlin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082693","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2082693","article-title":"Fosfomycin: A First-Line Oral Therapy for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis","volume":"2016","author":"Zhanel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00068-15","article-title":"Fosfomycin","volume":"29","author":"Falagas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"8","article-title":"New microbiological aspects of fosfomycin","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025262","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025262","article-title":"Fosfomycin: Mechanism and Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijkmans, A.C., Zacar\u00edas, N.V.O., Burggraaf, J., Mouton, J.W., Wilms, E., van Nieuwkoop, C., Touw, D.J., Stevens, J., and Kamerling, I.M.C. (2017). Fosfomycin: Pharmacological, Clinical and Future Perspectives. Antibiotics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040024"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.05.018","article-title":"What Is the Relevance of Fosfomycin Pharmacokinetics in the Treatment of Serious Infections in Critically Ill Patients? A Systematic Review","volume":"42","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000597","article-title":"The Role of Fosfomycin for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections","volume":"32","author":"Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2018.10.002","article-title":"Uso Actual de La Fosfomicina: Del Laboratorio a La Pr\u00e1ctica Cl\u00ednica","volume":"37","author":"Candel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.07.007","article-title":"The Revival of Fosfomycin","volume":"15","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.914172","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens: Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"15","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx070","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of Colistin and Fosfomycin: A \u2018Treasure Trove\u2019 Combination Combats KPC-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53714-0","article-title":"In Vivo Efficacy of Combination of Colistin with Fosfomycin or Minocycline in a Mouse Model of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2021.0007","article-title":"Colistin plus Sulbactam or Fosfomycin against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii: Improved Efficacy or Decreased Risk of Nephrotoxicity?","volume":"53","author":"Saelim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.01.008","article-title":"In Vitro Activities of Carbapenems in Combination with Amikacin, Colistin, or Fosfomycin against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Clinical Isolates","volume":"91","author":"Chatsuwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00687-16","article-title":"Fosfomycin Enhances the Activity of Daptomycin against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model","volume":"60","author":"Werth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-4595","article-title":"Factorial Design and Post-Antibiotic Sub-MIC Effects of Linezolid Combined with Fosfomycin against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2014.v4.i1.p26","article-title":"Fosfomycin: Uses and Potentialities in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"5","author":"Tapia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harada, K., Shimizu, T., Kawaguchi, K., Furuhashi, T., and Ishihara, G. (2020). Urinary Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Fosfomycin against Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli with Canine Ex Vivo Modeling: A Pilot Study. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9050230"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Medicines Committee (2020). Categorisation of Antibiotics Used in Animals Promotes Responsible Use to Protect Public and Animal Health, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine, World Health Organization. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"581","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in chickens after a single intravenous dose and tissue levels following chronic oral administration","volume":"28","author":"Aramayona","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"358","article-title":"Pharmacocin\u00e9tique et biodisponibilit\u00e9 de fosfomycine chez le poulet de chair","volume":"162","author":"Soraci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ec. Natl. Vet. Toulouse Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.08.011","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Disodium-Fosfomycin in Mongrel Dogs","volume":"85","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01344.x","article-title":"Fosfomycin Concentrations in Epithelial Lining Fluid in Weaning Piglets: Fosfomycin Concentrations in ELF","volume":"35","author":"Soraci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"424","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Calcium Fosfomycin in Post Weaning Piglets after Oral Administration","volume":"6","author":"Prez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Agro Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00812.x","article-title":"Intravenous and Intramuscular Pharmacokinetics of a Single-Daily Dose of Disodium Fosfomycin in Cattle, Administered for 3 days","volume":"30","author":"Sumano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00970.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a Single Bolus Intravenous, Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Dose of Disodium Fosfomycin in Horses","volume":"31","author":"Zozaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.11.337","article-title":"Acute Renal Insufficiency in Cats after Fosfomycin Administration","volume":"163","author":"Fukata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205511691878660","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116918786601","article-title":"Acute Renal Failure in an Adult Cat Following Oral Administration of Fosfomycin","volume":"4","author":"Sakai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg. Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics2020217","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Impact of Acquired and Intrinsic Fosfomycin Resistance","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06122-11","article-title":"Genomewide Overexpression Screen for Fosfomycin Resistance in Escherichia Coli: MurA Confers Clinical Resistance at Low Fitness Cost","volume":"56","author":"Couce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00914","article-title":"Mutations of the Transporter Proteins GlpT and UhpT Confer Fosfomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104943","article-title":"Genetic Factors Involved in Fosfomycin Resistance of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii","volume":"93","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00749-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00749-17","article-title":"Widespread Fosfomycin Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria Attributable to the Chromosomal FosA Gene","volume":"8","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.013","article-title":"Resistance to Fosfomycin: Mechanisms, Frequency and Clinical Consequences","volume":"53","author":"Falagas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01403-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01403-19","article-title":"Identification of FosA8, a Plasmid-Encoded Fosfomycin Resistance Determinant from Escherichia Coli, and Its Origin in Leclercia Adecarboxylata","volume":"63","author":"Poirel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz380","article-title":"In Vivo Acquisition of Fosfomycin Resistance in Escherichia Coli by FosA Transmission from Commensal Flora","volume":"74","author":"Abbott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S251360","article-title":"Identification of FosA10, a Novel Plasmid-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance Gene of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Origin, in Escherichia Coli","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000928107","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Functions of Bacillithiol, a Major Low-Molecular-Weight Thiol in Bacilli","volume":"107","author":"Gaballa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.7.2380-2383.2001","article-title":"FosB, a Cysteine-Dependent Fosfomycin Resistance Protein under the Control of \u03c2 W, an Extracytoplasmic-Function \u03c2 Factor in Bacillus Subtilis","volume":"183","author":"Cao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8110","DOI":"10.1021\/bi700625p","article-title":"Structure and Mechanism of the Genomically Encoded Fosfomycin Resistance Protein, FosX, from Listeria Monocytogenes","volume":"46","author":"Fillgrove","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.647-650.2000","article-title":"Characterization of the FomA and FomB Gene Products from Streptomyces Wedmorensis, Which Confer Fosfomycin Resistance on Escherichia Coli","volume":"44","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.7.1569","article-title":"Product of FosC, a Gene from Pseudomonas Syringae, Mediates Fosfomycin Resistance by Using ATP as Cosubstrate","volume":"39","author":"Arca","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00927-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00927-18","article-title":"Tet38 Efflux Pump Contributes to Fosfomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw382","article-title":"Fosfomycin Resistance in Acinetobacter Baumannii Is Mediated by Efflux through a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) Transporter\u2014AbaF","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.025","article-title":"In Vitro Susceptibility of Canine and Feline Escherichia Coli to Fosfomycin","volume":"149","author":"Hubka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr499","article-title":"A USA300 Variant and Other Human-Related Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Infecting Cats and Dogs in France","volume":"67","author":"Haenni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05104-11","article-title":"Dissemination of the Fosfomycin Resistance Gene FosA3 with CTX-M \u03b2-Lactamase Genes and RmtB Carried on IncFII Plasmids among Escherichia Coli Isolates from Pets in China","volume":"56","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks369","article-title":"Complete Nucleotide Sequence of PHN7A8, an F33:A-:B-Type Epidemic Plasmid Carrying BlaCTX-M-65, FosA3 and RmtB from China","volume":"68","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12099","article-title":"Dissemination of Plasmid-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance FosA3 among Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli from Livestock and Other Animals","volume":"114","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.02.004","article-title":"Fosfomycin Susceptibility of Canine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Isolates","volume":"96","author":"DiCicco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haenni, M., Hocquet, D., Ponsin, C., Cholley, P., Guyeux, C., Madec, J.-Y., and Bertrand, X. (2015). Population Structure and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from Animal Infections in France. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0324-x"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.033","article-title":"OXA-23 and IS Aba1 \u2013OXA-66 Class D \u03b2-Lactamases in Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates from Companion Animals","volume":"49","author":"Ewers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.07.019","article-title":"The Detection of Fosfomycin Resistance Genes in Enterobacteriaceae from Pets and Their Owners","volume":"193","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.536","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Dogs and Cats in Primary Veterinary Hospitals in Japan","volume":"70","author":"Yukawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.020","article-title":"Prevalence of ESBL\/AmpC Genes and Specific Clones among the Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Canine and Feline Clinical Specimens in Japan","volume":"216","author":"Maeyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.020","article-title":"Prevalence and Mechanisms of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance in Clinical and Fecal Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Dogs in Ontario, Canada","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaspar, U., von L\u00fctzau, A., Schlattmann, A., Roesler, U., K\u00f6ck, R., and Becker, K. (2018). Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms among Small Companion Animals in Germany. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208364"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.24099\/vet.arhiv.160924","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Extensively Drug Resistant (XDR), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and New Delhi Metallo Beta-Lactamase-1 (BlaNDM1) Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated from a Male Dog\u2014A Case Report","volume":"88","author":"Pruthvishree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Escherichia Coli. Vet. Arhiv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.180335","article-title":"Zooanthroponotic Transmission of Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.10.021","article-title":"Bla NDM-1 -Producing Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated from a Companion Dog in China","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.04.002","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated from Canine Faeces in a Public Park in Quito, Ecuador","volume":"18","author":"Haro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Courtise, R.M. (2018). Characterisation of Antimicrobial Resistance among Canine Urinary Isolates in Western Canada. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamathewatta, K.I., Bushell, R.N., Young, N.D., Stevenson, M.A., Billman-Jacobe, H., Browning, G.F., and Marenda, M.S. (2019). Exploration of Antibiotic Resistance Risks in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital with Oxford Nanopore Long Read Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217600"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.09.003","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant CTX-M-15-Positive Klebsiella Pneumoniae ST307 Causing Urinary Tract Infection in a Dog in Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Sartori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.06.017","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant CTX-M-15-Positive Klebsiella Pneumoniae Belonging to the Highly Successful ST15 Clone Isolated from a Dog with Chronic Otitis","volume":"22","author":"Sellera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0077","article-title":"Coexistence of Fosfomycin Resistance Determinant FosA and FosA 3 in Enterobacter Cloacae Isolated from Pets with Urinary Tract Infection in Taiwan","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.002","article-title":"Diverse Escherichia Coli Lineages from Domestic Animals Carrying Colistin Resistance Gene Mcr-1 in an Ecuadorian Household","volume":"22","author":"Salinas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.320","article-title":"Sequence Analysis of Salmonella Enterica Isolates Obtained from Shelter Dogs throughout Texas","volume":"6","author":"Cummings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Lei, L., Zhang, H., Dai, H., Song, Y., Li, L., Wang, Y., and Xia, Z. (2021). Molecular Investigation of Klebsiella Pneumoniae from Clinical Companion Animals in Beijing, China, 2017\u20132019. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030271"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704152","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.704152","article-title":"Global Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Telelkebir","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin-T\u00f3th, J., Kov\u00e1cs, E., T\u00f3thp\u00e1l, A., Juh\u00e1sz, J., Forr\u00f3, B., B\u00e1nyai, K., Havril, K., Horv\u00e1th, A., Ghid\u00e1n, \u00c1., and Dobay, O. (2021). Whole Genome Sequencing of Coagulase Positive Staphylococci from a Dog-and-Owner Screening Survey. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245351"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Sun, Z.-Z., Rong, J.-C., and Xie, B.-B. (2021). Comparative Genomics Reveals Broad Genetic Diversity, Extensive Recombination and Nascent Ecological Adaptation in Micrococcus Luteus. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07432-5"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002827","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1002827","article-title":"Characteristics of the Plasmid-Mediated Colistin-Resistance Gene Mcr-1 in Escherichia Coli Isolated from a Veterinary Hospital in Shanghai","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butaye, P., Stegger, M., Moodley, A., Damborg, P., Williams, A., Halliday-Simmonds, I., and Guardabassi, L. (2021). One Health Genomic Study of Human and Animal Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated at Diagnostic Laboratories on a Small Caribbean Island. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010042"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211073816","article-title":"Isolation of a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Pathotype Stx2:Cnf1:Cnf2:Eae as a Potential Cause of Hemorrhagic Diarrhea and Secondary Septicemia in a Dog","volume":"34","author":"Jonker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08230-z","article-title":"Shared Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Staphylococcus Aureus from Diverse Animal Hosts","volume":"12","author":"Bruce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, L., Liao, S., Zhou, X., Jia, C., Feng, M., Pan, H., Ma, Z., and Yue, M. (2022). Prevalence and Genomic Investigation of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Companion Animals in Hangzhou, China. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050625"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00569-z","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistome from the One-Health Perspective: Understanding and Controlling Antimicrobial Resistance Transmission","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.08.010","article-title":"Dissemination of a Clone Carrying a FosA3-Harbouring Plasmid Mediates High Fosfomycin Resistance Rate of KPC-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae in China","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2202.151301","article-title":"Importation of Fosfomycin Resistance FosA3 Gene to Europe","volume":"22","author":"Mendes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.11.009","article-title":"Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice","volume":"45","author":"Stull","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"CLSI (2022). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibillity Testing. Supplement M100, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [32nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"CLSI (2023). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals. Supplement VET01S, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"3305","article-title":"Routine Antibiotic Therapy in Dogs Increases the Detection of Antimicrobial-Resistant Faecal Escherichia Coli","volume":"73","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00178-9","article-title":"Effect of Antimicrobial Administration on Fecal Microbiota of Critically Ill Dogs: Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance over Time","volume":"4","author":"Menard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/5\/337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:32:05Z","timestamp":1760124725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/5\/337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10050337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10050337","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]}}}