{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1787314442737,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bras\u00edlia","award":["23106.068040\/2023-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23106.068040\/2023-71"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory and pathological features in a case of suppurative meningoencephalitis by P. aeruginosa from the direct extension of chronic otitis in a Gir cow. The cow was recumbent during physical examination, and neurological examination revealed depression, absence of left eyelid and auricular motor reflex, and hypotonic tongue. Hematology revealed hemoconcentration, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cerebrospinal fluid was slightly turbid, and presented polymorphonuclear pleocytosis, and hyperproteinorrachia. Grossly, the skull floor showed a purulent green\u2013yellow exudate that drained from the left inner ear to the cisterna magna. There was diffuse congestion of the telencephalon, and meninges showed severe hyperemia, moderate thickening, and opacity with the deposition of fibrinosuppurative material ventrally, extending to the cerebellum and brainstem. The left cerebellar hemisphere showed an approximately 1.5 cm in diameter liquefaction area surrounded by a hemorrhagic halo. Histologically, cerebellar, mesencephalic, thalamic, and brain base meninges were intensely thickened and showed severe suppurative inflammation and fibrin deposition. Small multifocal suppurative areas were observed in the cerebellum and brainstem, characterized by a necrotic core, a number of neutrophils, and Gram-negative intralesional bacillary myriads. Pure cultures of P. aeruginosa were obtained and identified in the suppurative CNS lesions, meninges, and inner ear samples. This report highlights an uncommon clinical evolution of secondary P. aeruginosa suppurative meningoencephalitis, probably triggered by recurrent parasitic otitis in an adult Gir cow. Veterinarians, practitioners, and farmers must be aware of the risk of CNS infections after unresolved media and inner otitis, especially in cattle breeds more prone to developing parasitic otitis, such as the Gir and Indubrasil breeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10060398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1687141759000},"page":"398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Suppurative Meningoencephalitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Direct Extension of Chronic Otitis in a Gir Cow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Carlos Lopes","family":"C\u00e2mara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davi Emanuel Ribeiro","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Luana","family":"de M\u00e2cedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9202-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoline Lacerda","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Renato Junqueira","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Frederico","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia para Ra\u00e7as Zebu\u00ednas Leiteiras, Embrapa Cerrados, Brasilia 70770-901, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano Queiroz","family":"de Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia para Ra\u00e7as Zebu\u00ednas Leiteiras, Embrapa Cerrados, Brasilia 70770-901, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio Botelho","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayhew, I.G.J., and MacKay, R. (2022). Large Animal Neurology, Wiley-Blackwell. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119477204"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2014000500006","article-title":"Suppurative intracranial processes in 15 domestic ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Vale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-736x2017000800007","article-title":"Suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system in domestic ruminants","volume":"37","author":"Konradt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12539","article-title":"An unusual case of dental infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing a brain abscess: Case report","volume":"62","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0616","article-title":"Bovine esophageal and glossal ulceration associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusobacterium spp. in a 10-month-old Holstein heifer","volume":"80","author":"Tosaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102894","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa: An updated review","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.09.007","article-title":"Brainstem and cranial nerve disorders of ruminants","volume":"33","author":"Boileau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.08.001","article-title":"Mycoplasma bovis may travel along the eustachian tube to cause meningitis in Japanese black cattle","volume":"188","author":"Suwanruengsri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Path."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.023","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities and bacteriological characteristics of bovine Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens isolates from mastitis","volume":"154","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01907-0","article-title":"Pathological and microbiological characterization of mastitis in dairy cows","volume":"51","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.5.584","article-title":"Frontal sinusitis in adult beef bulls: 18 cases (1999\u20132014)","volume":"255","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Dirksen, G., Gr\u00fcnder, H.D., and St\u00f6ber, M. (1993). Rosenberger: Exame Cl\u00ednico dos Bovinos, Guanabara-Koogan. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brooks, M.B. (2022). Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology, John Wiley & Sons. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J., and Bruss, M. (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Academic Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2008.00094.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in cattle with central nervous system disorders: A retrospective study of 102 cases (1990\u20132008)","volume":"38","author":"Stokol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Leary, S., Underwood, W., Anthony, R., Carter, S., Grandin, T., Greenacre, C., Gwaltney-Brant, S., McCrackin, M.A., Meyer, R., and Miller, D. (2020). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, American Veterinary Medical Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C., Fanning, S., and Maguire, D. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.09.005","article-title":"Cerebral disorders of the adult ruminant","volume":"33","author":"Middleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2013000300008","article-title":"Clinical aspects and dynamics of auricular parasitosis in Gir cattle","volume":"33","author":"Leite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108924","article-title":"Combined use of ivermectin, dimethyl sulfoxide, mineral oil and nematophagous fungi to control Rhabditis spp.","volume":"275","author":"Ferraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasit."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"250","article-title":"Nervous System","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Maxie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"188","article-title":"Abscessos do sistema nervoso central","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Schild","year":"2023","journal-title":"Doen\u00e7as de Ruminantes e Equ\u00eddeos"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.09.004","article-title":"Cerebral disorders of calves","volume":"33","author":"Dore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"704","article-title":"Purulent rhinitis and otitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sheep showered with contaminated \u2018shower wash\u2019","volume":"153","author":"Watson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"378","article-title":"Bacteriological and histopathological evaluation of infectious lymphadenitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Awasi sheep","volume":"7","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Anim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(89)90012-2","article-title":"A retrospective study of hepatic abscesses in goats: Pathological and microbiological findings","volume":"145","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brit. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S233694","article-title":"Virulence constitution of multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Upper Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Hassuna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102984","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease LasB directly activates IL-1\u03b2","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"eBiomedicine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1089\/10445490260099665","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of P. aeruginosa keratitis: A review of the role of T cells, Langerhans cells, PMN, and cytokines","volume":"21","author":"Hazlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820985288","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis, vasculitis, and abortions caused by Chlamydia pecorum in a herd of cattle","volume":"58","author":"Struthers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0166","article-title":"Fatal suppurative meningoencephalitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in two calves","volume":"83","author":"Komatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07209-5","article-title":"Naegleria fowleri-associated meningoencephalitis in a cow in Southern Brazil\u2014First molecular detection of N. fowleri in Brazil","volume":"120","author":"Henker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211052659","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes at the interface between ruminants and humans: A comparative pathology and pathogenesis review","volume":"59","author":"Bagatella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/6\/398\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:56:50Z","timestamp":1760126210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/6\/398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10060398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10060398","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]}}}