{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:20:28Z","timestamp":1787761228056,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary lymphedema (PLE) is an uncommon diagnosis in veterinary medicine, with most of the previously described cases showing lower limb edema associated with a guarded long-term prognosis. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this case report describes the first case of lymphedema localized unilaterally to the facial region of one-year-old German Shorthair Pointer, in which indirect CT-lymphography, combined with histopathologic examination of the skin, resulted in a tentative diagnosis of PLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10070409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Case Report of Presumptive Primary Lymphedema Localized to the Face of a Dog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Pol\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3400-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina Anna","family":"Lederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pan\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00353.x","article-title":"Lymphedema: Etiopathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Fossum","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000257149.42922.7e","article-title":"Lymphedema: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"59","author":"Warren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"769","article-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 8th Edition","volume":"59","author":"Junaid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00361.x","article-title":"Lymphedema: Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Fossum","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2022.100651","article-title":"Diagnosis and Conservative Management of Primary Lymphedema Resulting from Multiple Aplastic Lymphocenters in a Dog","volume":"49","author":"Bray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.4.3.145","article-title":"Congenital Hereditary Lymphoedema in the Dog. Part I\u2014Clinical and Genetic Studies","volume":"4","author":"Patterson","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.4.3.153","article-title":"Congenital Hereditary Lymphoedema in the Dog Part II\u2014Pathological Studies","volume":"4","author":"Chacko","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Idiopathic Chylothorax and Lymphedema in 2 Whippet Littermates","volume":"52","author":"Schuller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb02980.x","article-title":"Primary Lymphoedema in a Kitten","volume":"38","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09819.x","article-title":"Congenital Lymphoedema in an Ayrshire-Friesian Crossbred Female Calf","volume":"66","author":"Mulei","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb08048.x","article-title":"Congenital Lymphoedema in a Brahman Calf","volume":"70","author":"Norton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879100300110","article-title":"Hereditary Lymphedema in Hereford Cattle","volume":"3","author":"Schild","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.57.797","article-title":"Congenital Lymphedema in a Calf with Lymph Node Dysplasia or Aplasia","volume":"57","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Congenital Hereditary Lymphedema in the Pig","volume":"11","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Dawn of a New Era in Surgery for Lymphedema","volume":"85","author":"Hashikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Studies on Lymphatic Venous Anastomosis in Lymphedema","volume":"32","author":"Yamada","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00474-3","article-title":"FOXC2 Is a Winged Helix Gene That Counteracts Obesity, Hypertriglyceridemia, and Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance","volume":"106","author":"Cederberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/75997","article-title":"Missense Mutations Interfere with VEGFR-3 Signalling in Primary Lymphoedema","volume":"25","author":"Karkkainen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1086\/303019","article-title":"Congenital Hereditary Lymphedema Caused by a Mutation That Inactivates VEGFR3 Tyrosine Kinase","volume":"67","author":"Irrthum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2006.00687.x","article-title":"Hereditary Lymphedema Type I Associated with VEGFR3 Mutation: The First de Novo Case and Atypical Presentations","volume":"70","author":"Ghalamkarpour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30286-2","article-title":"The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis, 2000\u20132018: A Geospatial Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cromwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"491","article-title":"Strategies and Tools for the Control\/Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"75","author":"Ottesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3205-x","article-title":"Recent Advances on Dirofilaria Repens in Dogs and Humans in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Capelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morch\u00f3n, R., Montoya-Alonso, J.A., Rodr\u00edguez-Escolar, I., and Carret\u00f3n, E. (2022). What Has Happened to Heartworm Disease in Europe in the Last 10 Years?. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11091042"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.25259\/JSSTD_3_2021","article-title":"Secondary Lymphedema: Pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Varghese","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSSTD"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319701052001S02","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Venous Insufficiency","volume":"52","author":"Fowkes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"308","article-title":"Morphological Changes of Dermal Blood and Lymphatic Vessels in Chronic Venous Insufficiency of the Leg","volume":"13","author":"Scelsi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"18","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Lymphedema: Review of the Literature and Surgical Treatment Options","volume":"9","author":"Minasian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthetic Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/1539685041690472","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Lymphedema in Patients Following Burn Injury: A Five-Year Retrospective and Three-Month Prospective Study","volume":"2","author":"Hettrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C.Y., Kataru, R.P., and Mehrara, B.J. (2020). Histopathologic Features of Lymphedema: A Molecular Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072546"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13565","article-title":"Hyperkeratosis in Human Lower Limb Lymphedema: The Effect of Stagnant Tissue Fluid\/Lymph","volume":"30","author":"Zaleska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00137","article-title":"The Unresolved Pathophysiology of Lymphedema","volume":"11","author":"Azhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(95)00086-U","article-title":"Pathology of Lymphedema","volume":"13","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2020.0037","article-title":"New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Primary and Secondary Lymphedema: Histopathological Studies on Human Lymphatic Collecting Vessels","volume":"18","author":"Barone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lymphat. Res. Biol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/7\/409\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:58:52Z","timestamp":1760126332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/7\/409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10070409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10070409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]}}}