{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:10Z","timestamp":1787030050137,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and patellar luxation (PL) are common pathologies affecting canines. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as a non-surgical treatment plan in these cases. Clinical usage of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging area of interest in veterinary medicine. There is a lack of studies comparing those two different treatment methods in veterinary medicine. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the use of oral NSAIDs and single intra-articular injection of PRP on treatment outcomes in cases of canine CCLR and PL. Dogs diagnosed with CCRL (n = 12) and PL (n = 10) were subgrouped by the severity of pathologies and administered treatment: half of the CCRL and PL groups were orally administered NSAIDs and supplements for 14 days, and the other half received a single intra-articular PRP injection into affected stifle joint. We measured serum TNF-\u03b1 levels and clinical outcomes (lameness scores, painfulness to manipulations, goniometry of stifle joint in flexion and extension, and muscle strength) before treatment, at day 14 and day 28 of treatment. The results of TNF-\u03b1 concentration indicates a significant difference between groups of differently treated partial CCLR groups on d14 (p = 0.006). Results of group CCLR-P1 on d14 were decreased, while results of group CCLR-P2 on d14 were increased. When comparing TNF-\u03b1 concentration between all CCLR cases treated with NSAIDs and treated with PRP, there was a significant difference between those groups on d14 (p = 0.001). The results of TNF-\u03b1 concentration indicates a significant difference between groups of differently treated PL-III on d28 (p = 0.036). Results of group PL-III1 indicate growth of TNF-\u03b1 concentration, while at the same d28, results of group PL-III2 indicate decreased levels of cytokine, comparing results between the subgroups at the same time point and within subgroups from baseline. Results indicate a significant difference in muscle strength between group CCLR-P1 and group CCLR-P2 on d28 (p = 0.007), indicating an increment in muscle strength in group CCLR-P1 up to d14 and its reduction up to d28, and muscle strength of group CCLR-P2 increasing up to d28. When comparing the muscle strength between all CCLR cases treated with NSAIDs and treated with PRP, there was a significant difference between those groups on d28 (p = 0.007). In conclusion, a single intra-articular injection of PRP has a superior effect on management of inflammatory processes, has better clinical outcomes, and longer duration of action than oral NSAIDs, in the treatment of canine CCRL or PL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10090555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:24:30Z","timestamp":1693823070000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Single Intra-Articular Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma vs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Treatment Options for Canine Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Patellar Luxation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Raulinait\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasa","family":"\u017delvyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"\u0160k\u0117mien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveni\u0173 Str. 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Burbait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Neurology and Neurosurgery Division, Viale dell\u2019Industria 3, 35030 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birut\u0117","family":"Karvelien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. L. Kriau\u010deli\u016bnas Small Animals Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0430-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrida","family":"Monkevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinella, G., Arcamone, G., and Valentini, S. (2021). Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: Review on biomechanics, etiopathogenetic factors and rehabilitation. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8090186"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13755","article-title":"Systematic review of postoperative rehabilitation interventions after cranial cruciate ligament surgery in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Alvarez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1717148","article-title":"Epidemiology of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation in dogs from the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"34","author":"Arizmendi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.12.1818","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"232","author":"Witsberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00627.x","article-title":"Tibial tuberosity advancement in 92 canine stifles: Initial results, clinical outcome and owner evaluation","volume":"88","author":"Dymond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00777.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of vascular distribution in intact canine cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-3-247","article-title":"Evaluation of fibular head transposition, lateral fabellar suture, and conservative treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in large dogs: A retrospective study","volume":"32","author":"Chauvet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"129","article-title":"Progression of stifle osteoarthrosis following reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament in 21 dogs","volume":"28","author":"Vasseur","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"249","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in canines: Patient selection and reported outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Nanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-03-0047","article-title":"Treatment of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease. A survey of ACVS diplomates and primary care veterinarians","volume":"27","author":"Duerr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721107","article-title":"Comparison of semi-cylindrical recession trochleoplasty and trochlear block recession for the treatment of canine medial patellar luxation: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Daubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"20551169211044695","article-title":"Tibial tuberosity transposition advancement for treatment of concomitant cranial cruciate ligament rupture and medial patellar luxation in four feline stifles","volume":"7","author":"Bula","year":"2021","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"43","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management of medial patellar luxation in the dog","volume":"76","author":"Hulse","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1992.tb00084.x","article-title":"A retrospective evaluation of stifle osteoarthritis in dogs with bilateral medial patellar luxation and unilateral surgical repair","volume":"21","author":"Roy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50087-6","article-title":"Canine patellar luxation","volume":"23","author":"Roush","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"255","article-title":"Lateral patellar luxation in nine small breed dogs","volume":"6","author":"Balestriere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"23","article-title":"Patellar luxation in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Fatone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-16-05-0073","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment and outcome of patellar luxation in dogs in Italy. A retrospective multicentric study (2009\u20132014)","volume":"30","author":"Bosio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.05.716","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of medial and lateral patellar luxation in dogs: 124 cases (1982\u20131992)","volume":"205","author":"Hayes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Patellar luxation: Pathogenesis and surgical correction","volume":"47","author":"Harasen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2019.24.6.293","article-title":"Patellar luxation in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Grierson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Companion Anim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.05.023","article-title":"Immunopathological mechanisms in dogs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"125","author":"Doom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39738","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.264549","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 promote a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I motif-5-mediated aggrecan degradation through syndecan-4 in intervertebral disc","volume":"286","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(96)80004-5","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) in canine osteoarthritis: Immunolocalization of TNF-\u03b1, stromelysin and TNF receptors in canine osteoarthritic cartilage","volume":"4","author":"Kammermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105625","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetic profile of cimicoxib in dogs and cats after IV administration","volume":"270","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3051614","article-title":"Molecular mechanism for various pharmacological activities of NSAIDS","volume":"3","author":"Mizushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.04.024","article-title":"Detection and quantification of cimicoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor, in canine plasma by HPLC with spectrofluorimetric detection: Development and validation of a new methodology","volume":"83","author":"Giorgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.1051","article-title":"Hepatocellular toxicosis associated with the alternate administration of carprofen and meloxicam in a siberian husky","volume":"67","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.08.001","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Johnston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053764922","article-title":"Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: The administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in dentistry","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00675.x","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs","volume":"39","author":"KuKanich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e3182999740","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for articular cartilage repair","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"74","article-title":"Platelet function and constituents of platelet rich plasma","volume":"34","author":"Pelletier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-08-469","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma in orthopaedic applications: Evidence-based recommendations for treatment","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.10.018","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: A milieu of bioactive factors","volume":"28","author":"Boswell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e3182999712","article-title":"The basic science of platelet-rich plasma (PRP): What clinicians need to know","volume":"21","author":"Arnoczky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-04-0064","article-title":"Concentration of platelets and growth factors in canine autologous conditioned plasma","volume":"24","author":"Stief","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.979","article-title":"Reliability of goniometry in Labrador retrievers","volume":"63","author":"Jaegger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Duerr, F. (2004). Canine Lameness, John Wiley & Sons. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.09.019","article-title":"The supine hip extensor manual muscle test: A reliability and validity study","volume":"85","author":"Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0195-5","article-title":"Considerations for the use of platelet-rich plasma in orthopedics","volume":"44","author":"McCarrel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2020-0040","article-title":"Combination of preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma improves the repair of osteoarthritis in rat","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201887020127","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 activity after intra-articular injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"87","author":"Arican","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23877","article-title":"Intraarticular injection autologous platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow concentrate in a goat osteoarthritis model","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"10","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma combined with alendronate reduces pain and inflammation in induced osteoarthritis in rats by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"744","article-title":"Effect of inflammatory marker activity after intra-articular injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma in dogs with osteoarthritis","volume":"75","author":"Arican","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1606575","article-title":"Comparison of platelet-rich plasma, stromal vascular fraction (SVF), or SVF with an injectable PLGA nanofiber scaffold for the treatment of osteochondral injury in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Franklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12512","article-title":"Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in a canine population","volume":"45","author":"Wanstrath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/9\/555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:04Z","timestamp":1760129164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/9\/555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10090555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10090555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]}}}