{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:52:08Z","timestamp":1791726728558,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Next-GenerationEU","award":["1032 17\/06\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1032 17\/06\/2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union Next-GenerationEU","award":["CN00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of marine microalgae (Dunaliella salina) as a food additive on biogas (BG), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production kinetics, as well as in in vitro rumen fermentation and the CH4 conversion efficiency of different genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) and states of forage. The treatments were characterized by the forage of five maize genotypes (Amarillo, Montesa, Olotillo, Tampique\u00f1o, and Tuxpe\u00f1o), two states of forage (fresh and ensiled), and the addition of 3% (on DM basis) of microalgae (with and without). The parameters (b = asymptotic production, c = production rate, and Lag = delay phase before gas production) of the production of BG, CH4, CO, and H2S showed an effect (p &lt; 0.05) of the genotype, the state of the forage, the addition of the microalgae, or some of its interactions, except for the time in the CO delay phase (p &gt; 0.05). Moreover, the addition of microalgae decreased (p &lt; 0.05) the production of BG, CH4, and H2S in most of the genotypes and stages of the forage, but the production of CO increased (p &lt; 0.05). In the case of fermentation characteristics, the microalgae increased (p &lt; 0.05) the pH, DMD, SCFA, and ME in most genotypes and forage states. With the addition of the microalgae, the fresh forage from Olotillo obtained the highest pH (p &lt; 0.05), and the ensiled from Amarillo, the highest (p &lt; 0.05) DMD, SCFA, and ME. However, the ensiled forage produced more (p &lt; 0.05) CH4 per unit of SFCA, ME, and OM, and the microalgae increased it (p &lt; 0.05) even more, and the fresh forage from Amarillo presented the highest (p &lt; 0.05) quantity of CH4 per unit of product. In conclusion, the D. salina microalga showed a potential to reduce the production of BG, CH4, and H2S in maize forage, but its effect depended on the chemical composition of the genotype and the state of the forage. Despite the above, the energy value of the forage (fresh and ensiled) improved, the DMD increased, and in some cases, SCFA and ME also increased, all without compromising CH4 conversion efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10090556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:24:30Z","timestamp":1693823070000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Marine Microalgae as a Nutritive Tool to Mitigate Ruminal Greenhouse Gas Production: In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Fresh and Ensiled Maize (Zea mays L.) Forage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mona Mohamed Mohamed Yasseen","family":"Elghandour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterianria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50000, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristide","family":"Maggiolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin Rafael","family":"Alvarado-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, El Mante 89840, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mel\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87149, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymundo Rene","family":"Rivas-Cacerese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Enrique","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, T\u00e9cpan de Galeana 40900, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameer","family":"Khusro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"De Palo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelfattah Zeidan Mohamed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterianria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca 50000, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.261","article-title":"Impacts of land use, population, and climate change on global food security","volume":"10","author":"Molotoks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfy034","article-title":"Livestock and climate change: Impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies","volume":"9","author":"Grossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. 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