{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:09:58Z","timestamp":1787497798553,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020TD59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020TD59"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022MC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["32172990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172990"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["2020TD59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020TD59"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["CARS-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["ZR2022MC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC003"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agriculture Industrial Technology System of MOF and MARA","award":["32172990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172990"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agriculture Industrial Technology System of MOF and MARA","award":["2020TD59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020TD59"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agriculture Industrial Technology System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agriculture Industrial Technology System of MOF and MARA","award":["ZR2022MC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC003"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["32172990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172990"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["2020TD59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020TD59"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["CARS-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2022MC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MC003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of emodin on the total bacterial count and immune response in various tissues of Wuchang bream infected with A. hydrophila. The experimental diets were made by supplementing emodin at 0, 30, 100, and 150 mg kg\u22121 to basal (control) diet, respectively, and fed to fish with an initial weight of 50.4 \u00b1 2.35 g. All fish were divided into five experimental groups: uninfected fish fed with basal control diet (negative control, NC), infected fish fed with the diet supplemented with 0 (positive control group, PC), 30 (30), 100 (100), and 150 mg\/kg (150) of emodin. The fish were reared for 14 days and sampled at different time points. The results showed that the total bacterial count in the kidney, blood, and liver tissues of Wuchang bream infected with A. hydrophila was significantly affected by the supplementation and feeding time of emodin. At the beginning of the experiment, the difference in total bacterial count among the groups was not significant. On day 1, the total bacterial count in all groups was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that in the negative control group. On day 4, the total bacterial count in all the emodin groups was significantly reduced, and the best bactericidal effect was observed in the 100 mg kg\u22121 group. In addition, emodin had a significant effect on the immune response of Wuchang bream after infection with A. hydrophila (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with the other groups, the respiratory burst activity, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 (IL-1) content, and white blood cell count (WBC) in the 100 and 150 mg kg\u22121 groups could be restored to normal levels in the shortest time (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, this study also measured the complement alternative pathway activity (ACH50), plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the fish. The results showed that supplying 100 mg kg\u22121 emodin to the diet could significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increase the ACH50 activity of the fish. Compared with the positive control (PC) group, the addition of emodin to the diet can inhibit the decrease in SOD activity and the increase in MDA content in the plasma of infected Wuchang bream. In conclusion, supplying 100 mg kg\u22121 emodin to the diet can enhance the ability of Wuchang bream to resist A. hydrophila infection by reducing the total bacterial count in tissues, increasing the activity of related immune enzymes, and promoting the secretion of cytokines. This provides a theoretical basis for production practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10090588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T21:16:49Z","timestamp":1695331009000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of Dietary Emodin on Immune Defense in Megalobrama amblycephala against Aeromonas hydrophila"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ping","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Quan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, No. 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9537-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Ping","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Biological Characteristics and Hazards of Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"22","author":"Zhai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inland Fish."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"An Aeromonas species implicated in ulcer-disease of the cod (Gadus morhua)","volume":"29","author":"Larsen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nord. Veterinaermedicin"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"60","article-title":"Survey and evaluation of diseases found in freshwater fishes in 2009","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Fish."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1577\/H05-035.1","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo studies of the use of some medicinal herbals against the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish","volume":"20","author":"Harikrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.03.038","article-title":"Effects of anthraquinones extract from rhubarb R. officinale Bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)","volume":"281","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X96000189","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of emodin from ventilago leiocarpa","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1021\/np50123a005","article-title":"Effect of anthraquinone derivatives on lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria: Structure activity relationship","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"57","article-title":"Curative effects of emodin on fatty livers in quails","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(96)01397-9","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of emodin from Ventilago Leiocarpa","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"370","article-title":"The influence of emodin and danshensu on monocyte\u2019s secretion of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.02.015","article-title":"Effects of anthraquinone extract from Rheum officinale Bail on the physiological responses and HSP70 gene expression of Megalobrama amblycephala under Aeromonas hydrophila infection","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.01.008","article-title":"Effects of emodin and vitamin C on growth performance, biochemical parameters and two HSP70s mRNA expression of Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih) under high temperature stress","volume":"32","author":"Ming","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.Y., Liu, B., Ge, X.P., and Pan, L. (2014). Comparative study of antibacterial properties of emodin and enrofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila. Isr. J. Aquac. Bamidgeh, 66.","DOI":"10.46989\/001c.20740"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.Y., Liu, B., Xie, J., Liu, W.B., Xie, J., Ren, M.C., and Pan, L.K. (2014). Effects of dietary emodin supplementation on growth performance, non-specific immune responses, and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Isr. J. Aquac. Bamidgeh, 66.","DOI":"10.46989\/001c.20738"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Secombes, C.J., Stolen, J.S.., Fletcher, T.C., Anderson, D.P., Robertsen, B.S., and Van Muiswinkel, W.B. (1990). Techniques in Fish Immunol., SOS Publications."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2006.06.011","article-title":"Effects of dietary b-1,3 glucan on innate immune response of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea","volume":"22","author":"Ai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740670114","article-title":"The variation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in milk using an improved method to quantitate SOD activity","volume":"67","author":"Granelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(93)90035-S","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials","volume":"15","author":"Drape","year":"1993","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.01.006","article-title":"The effects of emodin on cell viability, respiratory burst and gene expression of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling molecules in the peripheral blood leukocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.03.022","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase (gsk3) regulates TNF production and haemocyte phagocytosis in the immune response of Chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Research, A.C., Barnes, G.A., Davidson, M., and Hiney, D.M. (1998). Methodology in Fish Diseases, Albion Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.03.002","article-title":"Hesperidin ameliorates heavy metal induced toxicity mediated by oxidative stress in brain of Wistar rat","volume":"31","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Humason, G.L. (1972). Animal Tissue Techniques, WH Freeman and Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of bacterial septicemia in Carassius auratus with traditional Chinese medicine compound and its effect on immunity","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dalian Fish. Univ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"43","article-title":"Experimental study on traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in carp","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Freshw. Fish."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"17658","article-title":"Study on the prevention and treatment of bacterial sepsis in grass carp with traditional Chinese medicine formula","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2003.09.008","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factors","volume":"28","author":"Goetz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)90016-7","article-title":"Human tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 influences rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leucocyte responses","volume":"40","author":"Hardie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2007.06.005","article-title":"The innate immune response of finfish\u2013a review of current knowledge","volume":"23","author":"Whyte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00023-1","article-title":"Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection","volume":"221","author":"Harikrishnan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Sneath, P.H.A., Mair, N.S., Sharpe, M.E., Krieg, N.R., Ludwig, W., Rainey, F.A., and Whitman, W.B. (1986). Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"668","article-title":"Research progress on cytokines in fish","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.57.070188.001541","article-title":"Molecular organization and function of the complement system","volume":"57","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.06.012","article-title":"Dietary administration of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, enhances the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"115","article-title":"Preliminary study of 12 Chinese herbs as feed attractants on Turbot Juvenile (Scophtham lusmaximus)","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2007.01.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense responses by goldfish tissues to acute change of temperature from 3 to 23 \u00b0C","volume":"32","author":"Bagnyukovaa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(98)00446-3","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules and anti-oxidative enzymes in a crustacean; possible role in immunity","volume":"172","author":"Holmblad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00822-1","article-title":"Response of antioxidant enzymes in freshwater fish populations (Leuciscus alburnoides complex) to inorganic pollutants exposure","volume":"280","author":"Lopes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2007.03.010","article-title":"Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus","volume":"23","author":"Christybapita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"874","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines by emodin","volume":"93","author":"Jing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290102","article-title":"Apoptosis in human hepatoma cell lines by chemotherapeutic drugs via fas-dependent and fas-independent pathways","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/9\/588\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:55:08Z","timestamp":1760129708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/9\/588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10090588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10090588","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}}}