{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:47:22Z","timestamp":1785422842154,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p &lt; 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p &lt; 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10100601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T11:56:49Z","timestamp":1696247809000},"page":"601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7647-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Renzhammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1401-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Loncaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabell","family":"Entenfellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierklinik Sattledt, 4642 Sattledt, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Dimmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Walk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"R\u00fcmenapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0164-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Spergser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ladinig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.01.012","article-title":"An Investigation of the Pathology and Pathogens Associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Denmark","volume":"143","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30006-2","article-title":"Immunology of the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex","volume":"17","author":"Thacker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Brogden, K.A., and Guthmiller, J.M. (2014). Polymicrobial Diseases, ASM Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(93)90085-I","article-title":"Increased Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin 1 in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids from Pigs Infected with Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae","volume":"38","author":"Asai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1996.9694628","article-title":"Enzootic Pneumonia in Pigs","volume":"18","author":"Maes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00807-8","article-title":"Coinfections and Their Molecular Consequences in the Porcine Respiratory Tract","volume":"51","author":"Saade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"131","article-title":"Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC): A Review. I. Etiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Forms and Pathoanatomical Features","volume":"3","author":"Bochev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00918-w","article-title":"Review of the Speculative Role of Co-Infections in Streptococcus Suis-Associated Diseases in Pigs","volume":"52","author":"Obradovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.533","article-title":"Co-infection Analysis of Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Pathogens from Clinically Healthy Swine in Eastern China","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12739","article-title":"Update on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Sassu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00518-1","article-title":"Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae Infections in Closed Swine Herds: Infection Patterns and Serological Profiles","volume":"85","author":"Chiers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"204","article-title":"Detection of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae in the Porcine Upper Respiratory Tract as a Complement to Serological Tests","volume":"57","author":"Messier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effect of Enrofloxacin in the Carrier Stage of Haemophilus Parasuis in Naturally Colonized Pigs","volume":"78","author":"Macedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"242","article-title":"Prevalence of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus Suis, Haemophilus Parasuis, Pasteurella Multocida, and Streptococcus Suis in Representative Ontario Swine Herds","volume":"72","author":"MacInnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548359","article-title":"Mycoplasma Hyorhinis in the Etiology of Serositis among Piglets","volume":"35","author":"Eriis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000203","article-title":"Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in Porcine Oral Fluid Samples: A Longitudinal Study under Experimental Conditions","volume":"20","author":"Prickett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714561252","article-title":"Diagnosis of the Lelystad Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in Individually Housed Pigs: Comparison between Serum and Oral Fluid Samples for Viral Nucleic Acid and Antibody Detection","volume":"27","author":"Decorte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713481471","article-title":"Probability of Detecting Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Using Pen-Based Swine Oral Fluid Specimens as a Function of within-Pen Prevalence","volume":"25","author":"Olsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105021","article-title":"Practical Aspects of PRRSV RNA Detection in Processing Fluids Collected in Commercial Swine Farms","volume":"180","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589603300205","article-title":"Comparison of the Antigen Distribution of Two US Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates with That of the Lelystad Virus","volume":"33","author":"Halbur","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segal\u00e9s, J., and Sibila, M. (2022). Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030110"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.10.007","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infections: Clinical Signs, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnosis","volume":"164","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01189.x","article-title":"Prolonged Detection of PCV2 and Anti-PCV2 Antibody in Oral Fluids Following Experimental Inoculation: Prolonged Detection of PCV2 Infection by Oral Fluid","volume":"58","author":"Prickett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.01.001","article-title":"PCR Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) DNA in Blood, Tonsillar and Faecal Swabs from Experimentally Infected Pigs","volume":"81","author":"Caprioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-017-0055-4","article-title":"The Use of Oral Fluids to Monitor Key Pathogens in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex","volume":"3","author":"Robben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.02.014","article-title":"Comparison of Sample Types and Diagnostic Methods for in Vivo Detection of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae during Early Stages of Infection","volume":"203","author":"Pieters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.02.004","article-title":"Mycoplasma Hyorhinis in Taiwan: Diagnosis and Isolation of Swine Pneumonia Pathogen","volume":"115","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-0022-z","article-title":"Comparison of Detection Procedures of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma Hyosynoviae, and Mycoplasma Hyorhinis in Lungs, Tonsils, and Synovial Fluid of Slaughtered Pigs and Their Distributions in Thailand","volume":"44","author":"Makhanon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"510","article-title":"Transfer of Haemophilus Pleuropneumoniae and the Pasteurella Haernolytica-Like Organism Causing Porcine Necrotic Pleuropneumonia to the Genus Actinobacillus (Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae Comb. Nov.) on the Basis of Phenotypic and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness","volume":"33","author":"Pohl","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.12.001","article-title":"Haemophilus Parasuis: New Trends on Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Control","volume":"99","author":"Oliveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(96)80053-3","article-title":"Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Mycoplasma Hyorhinis Antigens in Pulmonary Lesions of Pigs Suffering from Respiratory Distress","volume":"114","author":"Kawashima","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.02.001","article-title":"Occurrence of Mycoplasma Hyorhinis Infections in Fattening Pigs and Association with Clinical Signs and Pathological Lesions of Enzootic Pneumonia","volume":"203","author":"Luehrs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.06.008","article-title":"Mycoplasma Hyorhinis Is a Potential Pathogen of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex That Aggravates Pneumonia Caused by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.9.267","article-title":"Associations between Pathogens in Healthy Pigs and Pigs with Pneumonia","volume":"162","author":"Palzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6tsch, D., Willenborg, M., Weldearegay, Y.B., and Valentin-Weigand, P. (2018). Streptococcus Suis\u2014The \u201cTwo Faces\u201d of a Pathobiont in the Porcine Respiratory Tract. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00480"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., Stevenson, G.W., and Jianqiang, Z. (2019). Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell\/American Association of Swine Veterinarians. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Lu, K., Wang, C., Shu, J., Obeng, E., Wu, Y., Chen, J., Shu, J., and He, Y. (2023, January 12). Co-Infection of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae and Other Swine Pathogens. Available online: https:\/\/www.authorea.com\/users\/322723\/articles\/451679-co-infection-of-mycoplasma-hyopneumoniae-and-other-swine-pathogens?commit=8d40934e7b93a18af20687c0ef77510959ec113a."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.521","article-title":"Effects of Intranasal Inoculation with Bordetella Bronchiseptica, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, or a Combination of Both Organisms on Subsequent Infection with Pasteurella Multocida in Pigs","volume":"62","author":"Brockmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000120","article-title":"Polymicrobial Respiratory Disease in Pigs","volume":"12","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Health. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.01.001","article-title":"High Risk of False Positive Results in a Widely Used Diagnostic Test for Detection of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)","volume":"115","author":"Fetzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00122-7","article-title":"Design and Performance Testing of Quantitative Real Time PCR Assays for Influenza A and B Viral Load Measurement","volume":"29","author":"Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Hoffmann, B. (2023, February 11). Genomnachweis des Porcinen Circovirus Typ 2 (pCV-2) Mittels Real-Time PCR (FLI Methode). AVID-Methodensammlung. Available online: http:\/\/avid.dvg.net\/fileadmin\/Bilder\/PDF_AVID_Alt\/website\/Methoden_ab_2016\/AVID-Methode_VIR02_porcines_Circovirus_2_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.11.007","article-title":"Bluetongue Virus Detection by Two Real-Time RT-QPCRs Targeting Two Different Genomic Segments","volume":"140","author":"Toussaint","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00178-8","article-title":"Mycoplasma Hyorhinis as a Possible Cause of Fibrinopurulent Meningitis in Pigs?\u2014A Case Series","volume":"6","author":"Brunthaler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00316-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00316-19","article-title":"Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization\u2013Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Is a Superior Diagnostic Tool for the Identification and Differentiation of Mycoplasmas Isolated from Animals","volume":"57","author":"Spergser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1390-1396.2000","article-title":"Diagnosis and Differentiation of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma Hyorhinis Infections in Pigs by PCR Amplification of the P36 and P46 Genes","volume":"38","author":"Caron","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400603","article-title":"Use of a Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Test to Determine the Optimal Sampling Sites in Swine","volume":"14","author":"Kurth","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01347.x","article-title":"PCR Detection of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae apxIV Gene in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Lung Tissues and Comparison with In Situ Hybridization","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"195","article-title":"Optimized Protocol for Multiplex Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect and Differentiate Haemophilus Parasuis, Streptococcus Suis, and Mycoplasma Hyorhinis in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues from Pigs with Polyserositis","volume":"76","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2020, October 12). SPSS Statistics\u2014\u00dcberblick. Available online: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/de-de\/products\/spss-statistics."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10834-10837.2000","article-title":"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Description of Persistence in Individual Pigs upon Experimental Infection","volume":"74","author":"Allende","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00305.x","article-title":"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Kinetics of Infection in Lymphatic Organs and Lung","volume":"47","author":"Beyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.02.010","article-title":"Comparison of Protocols for the Analysis of Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus by RT-PCR Using Oral Fluids","volume":"243","author":"Gibert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/acve-2015-0006","article-title":"Survey of Infectious Agents Associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) in Serbian Swine Herds Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Detection","volume":"65","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Beogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takemae, N., Tsunekuni, R., Uchida, Y., Ito, T., and Saito, T. (2018). Experimental Infection of Pigs with H1 and H3 Influenza A Viruses of Swine by Using Intranasal Nebulization. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1434-z"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-34","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Swine Influenza Virus (Thai Isolates) in Weanling Pigs: An Experimental Trial","volume":"6","author":"Sreta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Valette, M., Bouscambert-Duchamp, M., Fanget, R., Lambert, S., and Lina, B. (2023, February 11). Comparison of Virocult\u00ae Swab, \u03a3-Swabtm and \u03a3-Virocult\u00ae For Influenza a Viability for Cell Culture and Molecular Detection. Available online: https:\/\/www.labshop-online.com\/792131256\/DWN\/LabShop_MWE_Sigma_Liquid_Swabs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.11.006","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Distribution and Replication in Tissues and Immune Cells in Early Infected Pigs","volume":"115","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198044","article-title":"Porcine Circoviruses: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps and Challenges","volume":"286","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07345.x","article-title":"Repeat Regions R1 and R2 in the P97 Paralogue Mhp271 of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bind Heparin, Fibronectin and Porcine Cilia: Mhp271 Is a Multifunctional Surface Protein","volume":"78","author":"Deutscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200102","article-title":"Porcine Circoviruses: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Allan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clavijo, M.J., Hu, D., Krantz, S., Cano, J.P., Pereira Mar\u00f3stica, T., Henao-Diaz, A., Poeta Silva, A.P.S., Hemker, D., Tapia, E., and Zimmerman, S. (2021). Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Surveillance in Pig Populations: Establishing Sampling Guidelines for Detection in Growing Pigs. J. Clin. Microbiol., 59.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03051-20"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.11.002","article-title":"Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Lung Lesions in Slaughter Pigs from 125 Herds","volume":"93","author":"Fablet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"337","article-title":"Glasser\u2019s Disease and Prevalence of Subclinical Infection with Haemophilus Parasuis in Swine in Southern Ontario","volume":"30","author":"Smart","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2007.00136.x","article-title":"Comparison of Sampling Sites and Detection Methods for Haemophilus Parasuis","volume":"85","author":"Turni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.44.4.722-738.1980","article-title":"Biology of Bordetella Bronchiseptica","volume":"44","author":"Goodnow","year":"1980","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400614","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2) Coinfections in US Field Cases of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)","volume":"14","author":"Halbur","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.06.006","article-title":"Factors Associated with Herd-Level PRRSV Infection and Age-Time to Seroconversion in Farrow-to-Finish Herds","volume":"192","author":"Fablet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"3","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Etiologic Agents Associated with Respiratory Diseases in Pigs","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, M.M., Mechler-Dreibi, M.L., Sonalio, K., Almeida, H.M.d.S., Ferraz, M.E.S., Jacintho, A.P.P., Maes, D., and de Oliveira, L.G. (2021). Co-Infections by Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma Hyorhinis and Mycoplasma Flocculare in Macroscopic Lesions of Lung Consolidation of Pigs at Slaughter. Vet. Microbiol., 258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109123"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/10\/601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:04:20Z","timestamp":1760130260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/10\/601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10100601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10100601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]}}}