{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1789717636905,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool extensively used in the andrology of human and domestic animals, including dogs. This review aims to provide an overview of various technologies based on ultrasound, from the basic B-Mode ultrasonography to the more recent advancements, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and ultrasound elastography (UEl), all of which are utilized in the evaluation of canine testicles. The review outlines the principles behind each of these technologies and discusses their application in assessing normal and abnormal testicular conditions. B-mode canine testicular ultrasonography primarily focuses on detecting focal lesions but has limitations in terms of objectivity. Other technologies, including Doppler ultrasonography, B-Flow, and CEUS, allow for the characterization of vascular patterns, which could be further measured using specific applications like spectral Doppler or quantitative CEUS. Additionally, ultrasound elastography enables the assessment of parenchyma stiffness both qualitatively and quantitatively. These ultrasound-based technologies play a crucial role in andrology by providing valuable information for evaluating testicular function and integrity, aiding in the identification of pathological conditions that may impact the health and quality of life of male dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10120683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T08:36:59Z","timestamp":1701419819000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ultrasound-Based Technologies for the Evaluation of Testicles in the Dog: Keystones and Breakthroughs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bracco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Localit\u00e0 Piano d\u2019Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Gloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Localit\u00e0 Piano d\u2019Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1527-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Contri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Localit\u00e0 Piano d\u2019Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2008.11.003","article-title":"Reproductive Ultrasound of the Dog and Tom","volume":"24","author":"Davidson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13587","article-title":"Advanced Ultrasound Techniques in Small Animal Reproduction Imaging","volume":"55","author":"Mantziaras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlandi, R., Vallesi, E., Boiti, C., Polisca, A., Bargellini, P., and Troisi, A. (2022). Characterization of Testicular Tumor Lesions in Dogs by Different Ultrasound Techniques. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020210"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.12.035","article-title":"Early Experience with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Testicular Masses: A Feasibility Study","volume":"77","author":"Lock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.03.009","article-title":"Imaging of the Male Reproductive Tract: Not so Easy as It Looks Like","volume":"150","author":"Mantziaras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Evans, H.E., De Lahunta, A., and Miller, M.E. (2013). Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog, Elsevier Saunders. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(96)01587-4","article-title":"Contribution of the Scrotum, Testes, and Testicular Artery to Scrotal\/Testicular Thermoregulation in Bulls at Two Ambient Temperatures","volume":"45","author":"Kastelic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Rodriguez, J.M., Anel-Lopez, L., Mart\u00edn-Mu\u00f1oz, P., \u00c1lvarez, M., Gaitskell-Phillips, G., Anel, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Medina, P., Pe\u00f1a, F.J., and Ortega Ferrusola, C. (2017). Pulse Doppler Ultrasound as a Tool for the Diagnosis of Chronic Testicular Dysfunction in Stallions. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175878"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"de Kretser, D. (1993). Molecular Biology of the Male Reproductive System, Academic Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00936.x","article-title":"Relationship between Ultrasonographic Appearance, Testicular Size, Spermatozoal Output and Testicular Lesions in the Dog","volume":"32","author":"England","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.010.1779","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Features of Testicular Neoplasia in Dogs: 16 Cases (1980\u20131988)","volume":"198","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(91)50061-9","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of the Male Canine Reproductive Organs","volume":"21","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1990.tb01810.x","article-title":"Testicular Ultrasound in the Normal Dog","volume":"31","author":"Pugh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1991.tb00114.x","article-title":"Sonographic Evaluation of Canine Testicular and Scrotal Abnormalities: A Review of 26 Case Histories","volume":"32","author":"Pugh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.15075","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the Scrotum in Adults","volume":"35","author":"Scortegagna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mattoon, J.S., Sellon, R., and Berry, C. (2020). Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound, Elsevier, Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.12.008","article-title":"Relationship between Semen Quality and Pixel\u2013Intensity of Testicular Ultrasonograms after Scrotal Insulation in Beef Bulls","volume":"64","author":"Arteaga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011050","article-title":"Suitability of Epididymal and Testicular Ultrasonography and Computerized Image Analysis for Assessment of Current and Future Semen Quality in the Ram","volume":"237","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.01.022","article-title":"Testicular Ultrasonogram Pixel Intensity during Sexual Development and Its Relationship with Semen Quality, Sperm Production, and Quantitative Testicular Histology in Beef Bulls","volume":"78","author":"Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvajal-Serna, M., Miguel-Jim\u00e9nez, S., P\u00e9rez-Pe, R., and Casao, A. (2022). Testicular Ultrasound Analysis as a Predictive Tool of Ram Sperm Quality. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020261"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12825","article-title":"Canine Reproductive Ultrasound Examination for Predicting Future Sperm Quality","volume":"52","author":"England","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.07.012","article-title":"Digital Image Analysis of Testicular and Prostatic Ultrasonographic Echogencity and Heterogeneity in Dogs and the Relation to Semen Quality","volume":"160","author":"Moxon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13060","article-title":"Central Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Testicular Function and Genital Tract Obstruction in Infertile Males","volume":"9","author":"Garolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2391050272","article-title":"Scrotal US for Evaluation of Infertile Men with Azoospermia","volume":"239","author":"Moon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00340.x","article-title":"Relationship between Testicular Volume and Testicular Function: Comparison of the Prader Orchidometric and Ultrasonographic Measurements in Patients with Infertility","volume":"10","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.02.034","article-title":"The Role of Ultrasound in Assessment of Male Fertility","volume":"144","author":"Schurich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, M., England, G.C.W., Catone, G., and Marino, G. (2021). Imaging of Canine Neoplastic Reproductive Disorders. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051213"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01439.x","article-title":"Clinical Use of Testicular Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Oligozoospermic and Azoospermic Dogs","volume":"44","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.i6054","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the Prostate Gland and Testes in Dogs","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Penninck, D., and d\u2019Anjou, M.-A. (2015). Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.06.020","article-title":"Comparison between Ultrasonographic and Caliper Measurements of Testicular Volume in the Dog","volume":"108","author":"Gouletsou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2221001385","article-title":"Testicular Volume: Comparison of Orchidometer and US Measurements in Dogs","volume":"222","author":"Paltiel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mantziaras, G., Alonge, S., and Luvoni, G.C. (2014, January 26). Ultrasonographic Study of Age-Related Changes on the Size of Prostate and Testicles in Healthy German Shepherd Dogs. Proceedings of the 17th Congress EVSSAR, Wroclaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"IN9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(60)80024-0","article-title":"Testicular Neoplasms in Dogs","volume":"70","author":"Cotchin","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.01.007","article-title":"Common Lesions in the Male Reproductive Tract of Cats and Dogs","volume":"42","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.02.005","article-title":"The Swiss Canine Cancer Registry: A Retrospective Study on the Occurrence of Tumours in Dogs in Switzerland from 1955 to 2008","volume":"152","author":"Graf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Lawrence, J.A., and Saba, C.F. (2013). Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.919","article-title":"A 12-Year Retrospective Study of Canine Testicular Tumors","volume":"71","author":"Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6615","article-title":"Testicular Tumors in 190 Dogs: Clinical, Macroscopic and Histopathological Aspects","volume":"40","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105201","article-title":"A Five-Year Cohort Study on Testicular Tumors from a Population-Based Canine Cancer Registry in Central Italy (Umbria)","volume":"185","author":"Manuali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0133.x","article-title":"Cancer Incidence in Pet Dogs: Findings of the Animal Tumor Registry of Genoa, Italy","volume":"22","author":"Merlo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(89)50001-9","article-title":"Effect of Aging on Body Systems of the Dog","volume":"19","author":"Mosier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352000000100007","article-title":"Testicular Tumors in Dogs: Frequency and Age Distribution","volume":"52","author":"Santos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420320108","article-title":"Canine Cryptorchism and Subsequent Testicular Neoplasia: Case-Control Study with Epidemiologic Update","volume":"32","author":"Hayes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13231","article-title":"Canine Cryptorchidism: An Update","volume":"53","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.025","article-title":"Common Causes of Male Dog Infertility","volume":"68","author":"Memon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2016.05.012","article-title":"Multiple Cutaneous Metastasis of a Malignant Leydig Cell Tumour in a Dog","volume":"155","author":"Canadas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19861101)58:9<2116::AID-CNCR2820580925>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Metastatic Leydig Cell Tumor of the Testis Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature","volume":"58","author":"Grem","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00010","article-title":"Metastasized Leydig Cell Tumor in a Dog","volume":"157","author":"Togni","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAT"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-4-311","article-title":"Treatment of Aggressive Testicular Tumors in Four Dogs","volume":"35","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"763","article-title":"Extratesticular Interstitial and Sertoli Cell Tumors in Previously Neutered Dogs and Cats: A Report of 17 Cases","volume":"47","author":"Doxsee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13310","article-title":"Colour Doppler Ultrasound Imaging of Blood Flows Variations in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Testicular Lesions in Dogs","volume":"54","author":"Bigliardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01943.x","article-title":"Use of Ultrasound to Locate Retained Testes in Dogs and Cats: Location of Retained Testes","volume":"53","author":"Felumlee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2005","article-title":"The Relationship between Cryptorchidism and Canine Testicular Neoplasia","volume":"155","author":"Reif","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-2014-5","article-title":"Testicular Microlithiasis: Clinical Significance and Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050023","article-title":"Color-Flow and Power Doppler Imaging of the Testes","volume":"16","author":"Dubinsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1983.2.8.349","article-title":"Experimental Study of the Sonographic Diagnosis of Testicular Torsion","volume":"2","author":"Hricak","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339502300612","article-title":"Intratubular Spermatic Granulomas of the Canine Efferent Ductules","volume":"23","author":"Foley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.83463","article-title":"Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Epididymal Nodules","volume":"28","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2478\/bvip-2014-0023","article-title":"Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurement in the Reproductive Organs of the Female and Male Dogs","volume":"58","author":"Scholbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.26605\/medvet-v13n1-2620","article-title":"Testicular Ultrasound Evaluation in Small Animal Practice","volume":"13","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Vet. (UFRPE)"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-015-2199-4","article-title":"Annual Variations in Resistive Index (RI) of Testicular Artery, Volume Measurements and Testosterone Levels in Bucks","volume":"25","author":"Strina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S318","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014064","article-title":"Power Doppler","volume":"9","author":"Rubin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.3.439","article-title":"The Doppler Signal: Where Does It Come from and What Does It Mean?","volume":"151","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2014001100017","article-title":"Triplex Doppler Evaluation of the Testes in Dogs of Different Sizes","volume":"34","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000474298","article-title":"Use of Color Doppler Sonography in the Evaluation of Varicoceles","volume":"24","author":"Aydos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20171254","article-title":"Role of High Resolution Sonography and Color Doppler Flow Imaging in the Evaluation of Scrotal Pathology","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.3.1438754","article-title":"Testicular Tumors: Findings with Color Doppler US","volume":"185","author":"Horstman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1080\/02841859709172124","article-title":"Resistive Index of the Intrascrotal Artery in Scrotal Inflammatory Disease","volume":"38","author":"Jee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.3.8751701","article-title":"Conventional Color Doppler Velocity Sonography versus Color Doppler Energy Sonography for the Diagnosis of Acute Experimental Torsion of the Spermatic Cord","volume":"167","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13260","article-title":"The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) Ultrasound Study on Healthy, Fertile Men: An Overview on Male Genital Tract Ultrasound Reference Ranges","volume":"10","author":"Lotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.152.2.293","article-title":"Color Doppler Ultrasound of the Normal Testis","volume":"152","author":"Middleton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300000604","article-title":"Imaging of the Acute Scrotum","volume":"11","author":"Pavlica","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"60","article-title":"Role of Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Evaluation of Scrotal Swellings","volume":"8","author":"Rizvi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.1999.0178","article-title":"Clinical and Imaging Features of Testicular Torsion: Role of Ultrasound","volume":"54","author":"Sidhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.74.886.740965","article-title":"Acute Segmental Testicular Infarction: Differentiation from Tumour Using High Frequency Colour Doppler Ultrasound","volume":"74","author":"Sriprasad","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJR"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.01.001","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Ultrasonography in Predicting Etiology of Azoospermia","volume":"81","author":"Abdulwahed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.03033.x","article-title":"Spermatogenesis and Spectral Echo-Colour Doppler Traces from the Main Testicular Artery","volume":"90","author":"Biagiotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07343.x","article-title":"Assessment of the Intratesticular Resistive Index by Colour Doppler Ultrasonography Measurements as a Predictor of Spermatogenesis","volume":"101","author":"Pinggera","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-021-00646-z","article-title":"Sonography in Male Infertility: A Useful yet Underutilized Diagnostic Tool","volume":"25","author":"Sihag","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20060203","article-title":"Testicular blood flow in the stallion: Variability and its relationship to sperm quality and fertility","volume":"22","author":"Bollwein","year":"2006","journal-title":"PHK"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12363","article-title":"Use of Colour and Spectral Doppler Ultrasonography in Stallion Andrology","volume":"49","author":"Ezquerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00741-0","article-title":"Doppler Ultrasound Measures of Testicular Blood Flow in Stallions","volume":"58","author":"Pozor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00227-9","article-title":"Color Doppler Ultrasound Evaluation of Testicular Blood Flow in Stallions","volume":"61","author":"Pozor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13604","article-title":"Examination of Jackass (Equus Asinus) Accessory Sex Glands by B-mode Ultrasound and of Testicular Artery Blood Flow by Colour Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound: Correlations with Semen Production","volume":"55","author":"Gacem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6888","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.1377","article-title":"Metodos Ultrassonogr\u00e1ficos Para La Evaluaci\u00f3n de Test\u00edculos En Gatos","volume":"23","author":"Maronezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12557","article-title":"Doppler and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of Testicles in Adult Domestic Felines","volume":"50","author":"Feliciano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gloria, A., Carluccio, A., Wegher, L., Robbe, D., Valorz, C., and Contri, A. (2018). Pulse Wave Doppler Ultrasound of Testicular Arteries and Their Relationship with Semen Characteristics in Healthy Bulls. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0229-6"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.05.022","article-title":"Effect of Breed on Testicular Blood Flow Dynamics in Bulls","volume":"118","author":"Junior","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"39","article-title":"Testicular Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Barki Rams","volume":"61","author":"Elbaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"77","article-title":"Testicular Morphometric and Echotextural Parameters and Their Correlation with Intratesticular Blood Flow in Ossimi Ram Lambs","volume":"27","author":"Hedia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Large Anim. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.027","article-title":"Effect of Seasonality on Testicular Blood Flow as Determined by Color Doppler Ultrasonography and Hormonal Profiles in Shiba Goats","volume":"197","author":"Samir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2021.106745","article-title":"Ageing Changes Testes and Epididymis Blood Flow without Altering Biometry and Echodensity in Dogs","volume":"228","author":"Brito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01937.x","article-title":"Colour and Pulsed Doppler Ultrasonographic Study of the Canine Testis: Doppler Ultrasound Testis Dog","volume":"47","author":"Carrillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Souza, M.B., Barbosa, C.C., England, G., Mota Filho, A.C., Sousa, C., de Carvalho, G.G., Silva, H., Pinto, J.N., Linhares, J., and Silva, L. (2015). Regional Differences of Testicular Artery Blood Flow in Post Pubertal and Pre-Pubertal Dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0363-3"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.05.015","article-title":"Semen Quality, Testicular B-Mode and Doppler Ultrasound, and Serum Testosterone Concentrations in Dogs with Established Infertility","volume":"84","author":"England","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.03.008","article-title":"Doppler Velocimetric Parameters of the Testicular Artery in Healthy Dogs","volume":"96","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.10.015","article-title":"Pulse-Wave Doppler Pulsatility and Resistive Indexes of the Testicular Artery Increase in Canine Testis with Abnormal Spermatogenesis","volume":"158","author":"Gloria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.5.140","article-title":"Colour-Coded Duplex Sonography of the Testes of Dogs","volume":"151","author":"Gumbsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2001.00288.x","article-title":"Colour-Coded and Pulsed Doppler Sonography of the Canine Testis, Epididymis and Prostate Gland: Physiological and Pathological Findings","volume":"36","author":"Mohrke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2020.100452","article-title":"Assessment of Dog Testis Perfusion by Colour and Pulsed-Doppler Ultrasonography and Correlation With Sperm Oxidative DNA Damage","volume":"41","author":"Lemos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13410","article-title":"Can Testicular Artery Doppler Velocimetry Values Change According to the Measured Region in Dogs?","volume":"54","author":"Trautwein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.04.023","article-title":"Evaluation of Testicular Artery Blood Flow by Doppler Ultrasonography as a Predictor of Spermatogenesis in the Dog","volume":"95","author":"Zelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.12.002","article-title":"Advances in Applications of Color Doppler Ultrasonography in the Andrological Assessment of Domestic Animals: A Review","volume":"161","author":"Samir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasco, A., and Ruiz, S. (2020). New Approaches to Assess Fertility in Domestic Animals: Relationship between Arterial Blood Flow to the Testicles and Seminal Quality. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010012"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.21","article-title":"Evaluation of Quantified Contrast-Enhanced Color and Power Doppler Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Vascularity and Perfusion of Naturally Occurring Tumors in Dogs","volume":"66","author":"Ohlerth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, A.G., Mlekusch, I., Wickenhauser, G., Assadian, A., and Taher, F. (2023). Clinical Applications of B-Flow Ultrasound: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030397"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1585-1","article-title":"Advanced Ultrasound Applications in the Assessment of Renal Transplants: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound, Elastography, and B-Flow","volume":"43","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.095648","article-title":"B-Mode Flow Imaging of the Carotid Artery","volume":"32","author":"Umemura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00013644-200309000-00002","article-title":"B-Flow, a Non-Doppler Technology for Flow Mapping: Early Experience in the Abdomen","volume":"19","author":"Wachsberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W522","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.1161","article-title":"B-Flow Imaging of the Hepatic Vasculature: Correlation with Color Doppler Sonography","volume":"188","author":"Wachsberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2013.06.011","article-title":"Ultrasonographic, Thermographic and Histologic Evaluation of MNU-Induced Mammary Tumors in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"67","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14287","article-title":"A Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonographic Study About the Impact of Long-Term Exercise Training on Mammary Tumor Vascularization: Exercise Training and Mammary Tumor Vascularization","volume":"36","author":"Gama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12588","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12588","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound for Quantification of Tissue Perfusion in Humans","volume":"27","author":"Emanuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.12.013","article-title":"Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound: A Review of Radiology Applications","volume":"60","author":"Erlichman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00034.x","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Normal Canine Liver. Evaluation of Imaging and Safety Parameters","volume":"46","author":"Nyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canejo-Teixeira, R., Lima, A., and Santana, A. (2022). Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Splenic Studies of Dogs and Cats. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162104"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300100940","article-title":"Ultrasound Contrast Agents: Properties, Principles of Action, Tolerance, and Artifacts","volume":"11","author":"Correas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.4.460","article-title":"Review of Clinical Characteristics and Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Dogs","volume":"234","author":"Haers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12250","article-title":"Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Chronic Pathologic Canine Testes","volume":"49","author":"Volta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-2521","article-title":"Various Aspects of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Splenic Lesions\u2014A Pictorial Essay","volume":"22","author":"Ioanitescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1217-7400","article-title":"Ultrasound 2020\u2014Diagnostics & Therapy: On the Way to Multimodal Ultrasound: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS), Microvascular Doppler Techniques, Fusion Imaging, Sonoelastography, Interventional Sonography","volume":"193","author":"Kloth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4821","article-title":"Acute Segmental Testicular Infarction at Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: Early Features and Changes During Follow-Up","volume":"196","author":"Bertolotto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.140","article-title":"Testicular Contrast Harmonic Imaging to Evaluate Intratesticular Perfusion Alterations in Patients With Varicocele","volume":"183","author":"Caretta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/95600238","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Testicular Trauma: Role in Directing Exploration, Debridement and Organ Salvage","volume":"85","author":"Hedayati","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJR"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-2039-5","article-title":"Role of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound in Acute Scrotal Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Valentino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagumo, T., Ishigaki, K., Yoshida, O., Sakurai, N., Terai, K., Heishima, T., and Asano, K. (2022). Quantitative Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Estimates Intrahepatic Portal Vascularity in Dogs with Single Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt. 2022, 83. Am. J. Vet. Res., 83.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.10.0155"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04094.x","article-title":"Contrast Harmonic Ultrasound of Spontaneous Liver Nodules in 32 Dogs","volume":"45","author":"Iani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00075.x","article-title":"Characterization of Lymphomatous Lymph Nodes in Dogs Using Contrast Harmonic and Power Doppler Ultrasound","volume":"46","author":"Salwei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12699","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography Is a Feasible Technique for Quantifying Hepatic Microvascular Perfusion in Dogs with Extrahepatic Congenital Portosystemic Shunts","volume":"60","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-010-0007-2","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in Canine Liver Examination","volume":"13","author":"Wdowiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00484.x","article-title":"Quantitative Contrast Harmonic Ultrasound Imaging of Normal Canine Liver","volume":"44","author":"Ziegler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15469","article-title":"Sonography and Sonoelastography in the Detection of Malignancy in Superficial Lymph Nodes of Dogs","volume":"33","author":"Belotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01707.x","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic Ultrasonography of Medial Iliac Lymph Nodes in Healthy Dogs: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of Lymph Nodes","volume":"51","author":"Gaschen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0199","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of Kidney in Conscious and Anesthetized Beagle Dogs","volume":"78","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00259.x","article-title":"Quantitative Contrast Ultrasound Analysis of Renal Perfusion in Normal Dogs","volume":"48","author":"Waller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.3.385","article-title":"Quantitative Perfusion Analysis of the Pancreas and Duodenum in Healthy Dogs by Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography","volume":"73","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0187.x","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Power and Color Doppler Ultrasonography of the Pancreas in Healthy and Diseased Cats","volume":"22","author":"Rademacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12648","article-title":"Quantitative, Noninvasive Assessment of Intra- and Extraocular Perfusion by Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography and Its Clinical Applicability in Healthy Dogs","volume":"22","author":"Blohm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12730","article-title":"Clinical Utility, Dose Determination, and Safety of Ocular Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography in Horses: A Pilot Study","volume":"23","author":"Blohm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12562","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Blood Perfusion in Normal Canine Eyes","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morabito, S., Di Pietro, S., Cicero, L., Falcone, A., Liotta, L., Crupi, R., Cassata, G., and Macr\u00ec, F. (2021). Impact of Region-of-Interest Size and Location on Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Canine Splenic Perfusion. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02973-z"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.01499.x","article-title":"Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of Canine Spleen","volume":"50","author":"Nakamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0609.x","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography for Characterization of Focal Splenic Lesions in Dogs: Contrast Ultrasound of Splenic Lesions","volume":"24","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00277.x","article-title":"Contrast Harmonic Imaging of the Normal Canine Spleen","volume":"48","author":"Ohlerth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00394-5","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Power Doppler Imaging of Normal and Decreased Blood Flow in Canine Prostates","volume":"27","author":"Forsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01442.x","article-title":"Prostatic Perfusion in the Dog Using Contrast-Enhanced Doppler Ultrasound","volume":"44","author":"Russo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12059","article-title":"B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonographic Findings in Canine Prostatic Disorders","volume":"47","author":"Russo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.07.029","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonographic Characteristics of the Diseased Canine Prostate Gland","volume":"84","author":"Troisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01629.x","article-title":"Assessment of Vascular Perfusion Kinetics Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Prostatic Disease in Dogs: Prostatic Perfusion Kinetics Assessed by CEUS","volume":"46","author":"Vignoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillaert, A., Stock, E., Duchateau, L., de Rooster, H., Devriendt, N., and Vanderperren, K. (2022). B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Aspects of Benign and Malignant Superficial Neoplasms in Dogs: A Preliminary Study. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202765"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillaert, A., Stock, E., Favril, S., Duchateau, L., Saunders, J.H., and Vanderperren, K. (2022). Intra- and Inter-Observer Variability of Quantitative Parameters Used in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Kidneys of Healthy Cats. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243557"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12285","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Pancreas in Healthy Dogs and in Dogs with Acute Pancreatitis: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Canine Pancreatitis","volume":"57","author":"Rademacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469101300201","article-title":"Elastography: A Quantitative Method for Imaging the Elasticity of Biological Tissues","volume":"13","author":"Ophir","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.05.031","article-title":"Update on Ultrasound Elastography: Miscellanea. Prostate, Testicle, Musculo-Skeletal","volume":"82","author":"Correas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1335205","article-title":"EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography. Part 1: Basic Principles and Technology","volume":"34","author":"Bamber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18650","article-title":"Ultrasound Elastography: Review of Techniques and Clinical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Sigrist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-010-0918-0","article-title":"Elastography: Modality-Specific Approaches, Clinical Applications, and Research Horizons","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.5.773","article-title":"Sonographic Breast Elastography: A Primer","volume":"31","author":"Barr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2391041676","article-title":"Breast Disease: Clinical Application of US Elastography for Diagnosis","volume":"239","author":"Itoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4534-9","article-title":"Stiffness of Benign and Malignant Prostate Tissue Measured by Shear-Wave Elastography: A Preliminary Study","volume":"27","author":"Melodelima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2312-2","article-title":"Real-Time Tissue Elastography for Testicular Lesion Assessment","volume":"22","author":"Goddi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Role of Ultrasound Elastography in the Diagnosis of Pathologic Conditions of Testicles and Scrotum","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.11.016","article-title":"Testicular Shear Wave Elastography in Normal and Infertile Men: A Prospective Study on 601 Patients","volume":"43","author":"Rocher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12169","article-title":"Elastography of the Normal Canine Liver, Spleen and Kidneys: Canine Elastography","volume":"55","author":"Holdsworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12238","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Elastography of the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, and Prostate in Clinically Normal Beagle Dogs: Ultrasonographic Elastography in Normal Dogs","volume":"56","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12323","article-title":"Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography of Prostate and Testes of Healthy Dogs: Preliminary Results","volume":"56","author":"Feliciano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-12116","article-title":"Applicability of ARFI Elastography in the Evaluation of Canine Prostatic Alterations Detected by B-Mode and Doppler Ultrasonography","volume":"72","author":"Cintra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-9131","article-title":"Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Elastography of Adrenal Glands in Healthy Adult Dogs","volume":"69","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12954","article-title":"Strain Elastography for the Assessment of Skin Nodules in Dogs","volume":"32","author":"Brizzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12803","article-title":"Shear Wave Elastography of Lymph Nodes in Dogs with Head and Neck Cancer: A Pilot Study","volume":"20","author":"Favril","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.22055","article-title":"Correlating Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography of Acute Pancreatitis with Spec CPL in Dogs","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"457","article-title":"Accuracy of Real-Time Shear Wave Elastography in the Assessment of Normal Small Intestine Mucosa in Dogs","volume":"22","author":"Kubiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106289","article-title":"Placental ARFI Elastography and Biometry Evaluation in Bitches","volume":"214","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.025","article-title":"Elastographic and Echotextural Characteristics of Foetal Lungs and Liver during the Final 5 Days of Intrauterine Development in Dogs","volume":"197","author":"Maronezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12256","article-title":"ARFI Elastography as a Complementary Diagnostic Method for Mammary Neoplasia in Female Dogs\u2014Preliminary Results","volume":"55","author":"Feliciano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0066","article-title":"Application of Shear Wave Elastography in the Diagnosis of Mammary Gland Neoplasm in Dogs","volume":"16","author":"Jankowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massimini, M., Gloria, A., Romanucci, M., Della Salda, L., Di Francesco, L., and Contri, A. (2022). Strain and Shear-Wave Elastography and Their Relationship to Histopathological Features of Canine Mammary Nodular Lesions. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090506"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"1","article-title":"ARFI Elastography of Healthy Adults Felines Testes","volume":"43","author":"Brito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-8284","article-title":"Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Elastography of Testicular Disorders in Dogs: Preliminary Results","volume":"68","author":"Feliciano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0070","article-title":"Sonoelastography in Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Testicular Lesion in Dogs","volume":"17","author":"Jankowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/12\/683\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:14Z","timestamp":1760132174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/10\/12\/683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci10120683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10120683","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}