{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:03:54Z","timestamp":1784761434762,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP-2023R446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2023R446"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks pose a major threat to cattle health and production in Pakistan because they transmit pathogens of diseases like Babesiosis and Theileriosis. Hyalomma spp., found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, are especially problematic. This study explored biocontrol of Hyalomma spp. using spore-free fungal culture filtrates collected from dairy farm soil in Kohat, Pakistan. Three fungal species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were isolated, and their filtrates were tested against tick adults and larvae. Filtrate concentrations were prepared at different strengths. Data were taken after the exposure of adults and larvae ticks to various concentrations of the fungal filtrates. Results indicated that at 100% concentration, all fungal filtrates induced 100% mortality in adults and larvae. Decreasing filtrate concentration lowered tick mortality. The lowest concentration caused the least mortality. The effect was time- and dose-dependent. In conclusion, spore-free fungal culture filtrates can provide biocontrol of Hyalomma spp. in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Further research should explore the active compounds causing mortality and optimal application methods. The process outlined here provides a natural biocontrol alternative to chemical pesticides to reduce tick infestations and associated cattle diseases in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10120684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T08:36:59Z","timestamp":1701419819000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biological Control of Hyalomma Ticks in Cattle by Fungal Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8330-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ahmad","family":"Wadaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baharullah","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneela","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubbashir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Jamil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Facility of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fozia","family":"Fozia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, KMU Institute of Dental Sciences, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1465-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anisa","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ijaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Sciences & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9891-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Farooq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almohannad","family":"Baabbad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ziaullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Distribution and abundance of ticks infesting livestock population along Karakorum from Mansehra to Gilgat, Pakistan","volume":"1","author":"Sajid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. 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