{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:09:54Z","timestamp":1790104194341,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University CEU-UCH","award":["INDI 23\/39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INDI 23\/39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum emerged in 1910, affecting birds across North America, leading to severe outbreaks exacerbated by climate change, decreasing water levels, and inadequate wastewater management. While deadly for birds, its epidemiological impact on humans and other animals remains limited. Despite its significance, understanding and controlling the disease remain challenging. This review delves into the pathogen\u2019s epidemiology in wild bird populations, exploring the transmission, pathogenicity, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. The disease\u2019s growing concern in wild birds relates to the bacterium\u2019s adaptability and expansive spread, evident through genetic similarities among strains across countries. Outbreaks are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and soil characteristics. Wild birds inadvertently transmit the bacterium, perpetuating the cycle through carcasses and flies. Some species suffer severely, while others, like scavengers, show resistance. Understanding disease mechanisms, involving potential toxin ingestion or internal production, remains ongoing. Clinical signs vary, affecting diverse bird orders. Diagnostic methods evolve, with treatment success varying among affected populations. Prevention and surveillance take precedence due to treatment challenges, emphasising population-based strategies and preventive measures to manage the widespread presence of C. botulinum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11010036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:16:56Z","timestamp":1705465016000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Latent Threat in Wild Birds: Clostridium botulinum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Josep","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Arnal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal 20, 45115 Valencia, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal 20, 45115 Valencia, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasetti-Escargueil, C., Lemichez, E., and Popoff, M.R. 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