{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:15:12Z","timestamp":1791587712796,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology of Argentina","award":["PICTO 2011 0242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICTO 2011 0242"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology of Argentina","award":["360\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["360\/11"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of the National University of La Pampa","award":["PICTO 2011 0242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICTO 2011 0242"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of the National University of La Pampa","award":["360\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["360\/11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigs have the highest percentage of embryonic death not associated with specific diseases of all livestock species, at 20\u201345%. During gestation processes, a series of complex alterations can arise, including embryonic migration and elongation, maternal immunological recognition of pregnancy, and embryonic competition for implantation sites and subsequent nutrition requirements and development. Immune cells and cytokines act as mediators between other molecules in highly complex interactions between various cell types. However, other non-immune cells, such as trophoblast cells, are important in immune pregnancy regulation. Numerous studies have shed light on the crucial roles of several cytokines that regulate the inflammatory processes that characterize the interface between the fetus and the mother throughout normal porcine gestation, but most of these reports are limited to the implantational and peri-implantational periods. Increase in some proinflammatory cytokines have been found in other gestational periods, such as placental remodeling. Porcine immune changes during delivery have not been studied as deeply as in other species. This review details some of the immune system cells actively involved in the fetomaternal interface during porcine gestation, as well as the principal cells, cytokines, and molecules, such as antibodies, that play crucial roles in sow pregnancy, both in early and mid-to-late gestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in Immune Response during Pig Gestation with a Focus on Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Velez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina"},{"name":"National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires 2690, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariela Lorena","family":"C\u00e1novas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4506-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Romina","family":"Giai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catrin","family":"Rutland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutton Bonington Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9647-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Montevideo, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9459-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Gustavo","family":"Barbeito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires 2690, Argentina"},{"name":"Laboratory of Descriptive, Comparative and Experimental Histology and Embriology (LHYEDEC), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.05.010","article-title":"Embryonic Resorption in Context to Intragestational Corpus Luteum Regression: A Longitudinal Ultrasonographic Study in the European Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus PALLAS, 1778)","volume":"80","author":"Schroeder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.03.006","article-title":"Placentation and Embryo Death in the Plains Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus)","volume":"108","author":"Barbeito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.03.024","article-title":"Spontaneous Embryonic Death in Plains Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus-Rodentia), a Species with Unique Reproductive Characteristics","volume":"185","author":"Barbeito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22847","article-title":"Pregnancy and Spontaneous Fetal Loss: A Pig Perspective","volume":"84","author":"Bidarimath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. 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