{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:20Z","timestamp":1790745200824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the impact of dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on key parameters in dogs. Six dogs received a 60 \u00b5g\/kg\/h dexmedetomidine infusion over 10 min, followed by three 15 min decremental CRIs (3, 2, and 1 \u00b5g\/kg\/h). A subsequent reversal phase employed 600 \u00b5g\/kg\/h atipamezole over 5 min. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) assessment, and cardiorespiratory and analgesia monitoring (every 3 min) were conducted, including analgesia evaluation through responses to electric stimulation. Dexmedetomidine induced profound sedation, evidenced by lateral recumbency and immobility. Patient State Index (PSI) decreased from awake (90.4 \u00b1 4.3) to Phase 1 (50.9 \u00b1 30.7), maintaining sedation (29.0 \u00b1 18.1 to 33.1 \u00b1 19.1 in Phases 2\u20134). Bradycardia (37.8 \u00b1 3.5 bpm, lowest at Phase 3) and hypertension (133.7 \u00b1 17.0 mmHg, highest at Phase 1) were observed, with minimal analgesia. Atipamezole promptly reversed sedation, restoring cognitive function (tail wagging behavior), and normalizing cardiovascular parameters. During atipamezole CRI, the EEG exhibited a transition from delta waves to alpha and low beta waves. This transition was observed alongside gradual increases in PSI and electromyographic activities. Additionally, spindle activities disappeared during this process. This study\u2019s results suggest potential clinical utility for EEG-guided dexmedetomidine sedation with reversal using atipamezole, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11020074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T07:50:12Z","timestamp":1707205812000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dexmedetomidine Sedation in Dogs: Impact on Electroencephalography, Behavior, Analgesia, and Antagonism with Atipamezole"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jeff C.","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann B.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthia","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x","article-title":"Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: A review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Murrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. 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