{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:50Z","timestamp":1760143550034,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007699","name":"University of Georgia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural- no grant number- For The Love of The Horse"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural- no grant number- For The Love of The Horse"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Horses undergoing abdominal exploratory surgery are at risk of hypotension and hypoperfusion. Normal mean arterial pressure is used as a surrogate for adequate tissue perfusion. However, measures of systemic circulation may not be reflective of microcirculation. This study measured the mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, lactate, and four microcirculatory indices in six healthy, anesthetized adult horses undergoing elective laparotomies. The microcirculatory parameters were measured at three different sites along the gastrointestinal tract (oral mucosa, colonic serosa, and rectal mucosa) with dark-field microscopy. All macro- and microcirculatory parameters were obtained when the horses were normotensive, hypotensive, and when normotension returned following treatment with dobutamine. Hypotension was induced with increases in inhaled isoflurane. The horses successfully induced into hypotension did not demonstrate consistent, expected changes in systemic perfusion or microvascular perfusion parameters at any of the three measured gastrointestinal sites. Normotension was successfully restored with the use of dobutamine, while the systemic perfusion and microvascular perfusion parameters remained relatively unchanged. These findings suggest that the use of mean arterial pressure to make clinical decisions regarding perfusion may or may not be accurate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11020095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T06:50:22Z","timestamp":1708498222000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Hypotension and Dobutamine on Gastrointestinal Microcirculations of Healthy, Anesthetized Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Kieffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidensia Specialisth\u00e4stsjukhuset Helsingborg, Bergav\u00e4gen 3, 254 52 Helsingborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-0201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarred M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly K.","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedVet Medical & Cancer Centers for Pets, Chicago, IL 60618, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steeve","family":"Gigu\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4208-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kira L.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1514","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes in ponies: Effects of flunixin meglumine","volume":"42","author":"Bottoms","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. 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