{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:53:39Z","timestamp":1784804019597,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the morpho-functional change in the patellar ligament in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. We hypothesized that it may show increased thickening and stiffness with increasing days from onset to diagnosis instead of trauma. Understanding this aspect has implications for the choice of timing for treating patients suffering from cranial cruciate ligament disease, as well as the contextualization of patellar ligament desmitis pictures after surgical treatment with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy or tibial tuberosity advancement. Thirty-three dogs affected by unilateral cranial cruciate disease were examined and divided into three groups based on the time elapsed from the onset of lameness to diagnosis: Group 1 (1\u201315 days), Group 2 (16\u201360 days), and Group 3 (over 60 days). Conventional B-mode ultrasonographic and elastosonographic examinations of the patellar ligament were performed without sedation for each dog. Upon ultrasonographic examination, all dogs showed modification in the echostructure of the patellar ligament. In addition, the patellar ligament tended to become harder with increasing days after disease, although there were no significant differences between groups. Our results show that as the time increases between the onset of cranial cruciate ligament disease and diagnosis and treatment, the patellar ligament progressively thickens and loses its elasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11030126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:14:40Z","timestamp":1710245680000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultrasound and Elastosonographic Features of the Patellar Ligament in Dogs Affected by Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3661-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pennasilico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sassaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5293-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Pilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Maria","family":"Tambella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4076-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Palumbo Piccionello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Evans, H.E., and De Lahunta, A. (2012). Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog, Elsevier Health Sciences. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muir, P. (2018). Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119261728"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.12.1818","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs","volume":"232","author":"Witsberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellon, D.C., and Marcellin-Little, D.J. (2022). Risk factors for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs participating in canine agility. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03146-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00654.x","article-title":"A review of the pathogenesis of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease as a basis for future preventive strategies","volume":"39","author":"Griffon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.5.699","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament structure in relation to the tibial plateau slope and intercondylar notch width in dogs","volume":"19","author":"Kyllar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-04-0055","article-title":"Update on the aetiopathogenesis of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"24","author":"Comerford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinella, G., Arcamone, G., and Valentini, S. (2021). Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: Review on biomechanics, etiopathogenetic factors and rehabilitation. Vet Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8090186"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00524.x","article-title":"Meniscal damage associated with cruciate disease in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Bennett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1601","article-title":"Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999\u20132000)","volume":"221","author":"Ralphs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00663.x","article-title":"Predictive variables for complications after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy with stifle inspection by arthrotomy in 1000 consecutive dogs","volume":"39","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.01003.x","article-title":"Risk factors for medial meniscal injury in association with cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"51","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"32","author":"Franklin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compend Contin. Educ. Vet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00073","article-title":"The pathobiology of the meniscus: A comparison between the human and dog","volume":"5","author":"Krupkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1122","article-title":"Multiligament stifle injury, a multicenter retrospective study in 26 dogs","volume":"9","author":"Coppola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03724.x","article-title":"Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle joint: A study of 12 cases","volume":"39","author":"Bruce","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50086-4","article-title":"Collateral ligament injury and stifle luxation","volume":"23","author":"Laing","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.06.032","article-title":"Morphometric assessment of the medial collateral ligament of the canine stifle joint","volume":"10","author":"Palierne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"333","article-title":"Traumatic dislocation of the stifle joint: Treatment of 12 dogs and one cat","volume":"24","author":"Aron","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90273-4","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the canine patellar tendon: Some correlations with age and the content of collagen","volume":"25","author":"Haut","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.11.005","article-title":"Biomechanics of tendon injury and repair","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v8i2.8","article-title":"Comparative diagnostic imaging of a partial patellar ligament tear in a dog","volume":"8","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50082-7","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine","volume":"23","author":"Slocum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.11.1849","article-title":"Inclination of the patellar ligament in relation to flexion angle in stifle joints of dogs without degenerative joint disease","volume":"67","author":"Dennler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632960","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical changes of the patellar tendon after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy 94 cases (2000\u20132003)","volume":"18","author":"Carey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-684","article-title":"Differences in the magnetic resonance imaging parameter T2* may be identified during the course of canine patellar tendon healing: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Pownder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27600","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance T2 * Is Increased in Patients with Early-Stage Achilles and Patellar Tendinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294858","article-title":"Comparative accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in confirming clinically diagnosed patellar tendinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Warden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13121936","article-title":"Achilles tendon assessed with sonoelastography: Histologic agreement","volume":"267","author":"Klauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18650","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography: Review of techniques and clinical applications","volume":"7","author":"Sigrist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151461","article-title":"Functional anatomy, histology and biomechanics of the human Achilles tendon\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"229","author":"Winnicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651499","article-title":"Sonoelastographic features of the patellar ligament in clinically normal dogs","volume":"31","author":"Serrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W236","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13076","article-title":"A comparative study of strain and shear-wave elastography in an elasticity phantom","volume":"204","author":"Carlsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.1.68","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation and comparison of the patellar ligament following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs: 106 cases (2009\u20132012)","volume":"250","author":"Tano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(03)00068-1","article-title":"Patellar tendinopathy","volume":"22","author":"Warden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2726-2","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography in tendon pathology: State of the art","volume":"46","author":"Domenichini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2011.084079","article-title":"Risk factors for patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Roerink","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrani, D., Volta, A., Cingolani, F., Pennasilico, L., Di Bella, C., Bonazzi, M., Salvaggio, A., and Palumbo, A.P. (2021). Serial Ultrasonographic and Real- Time Elastosonographic Assessment of the Ovine Common Calcaneal Tendon, after an Experimentally Induced Tendinopathy. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8040054"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"200","article-title":"Sonoelastography of Normal Canine Common Calcaneal Tendon: Preliminary Results","volume":"34","author":"Mastromatteo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traum."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715493","article-title":"Effect of Stifle Flexion Angle on the Repeatability of Real-Time Elastosonography of the Patellar Ligament in Medium-to Large-Breed Dogs","volume":"33","author":"McCagherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12241","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography is a reproducible and feasible tool for the evaluation of the patellar tendon in healthy subjects","volume":"17","author":"Porta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheu."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-019-00979-7","article-title":"Application of shear wave elastography and B-mode ultrasound in patellar tendinopathy after extracorporeal shockwave therapy","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00126.x","article-title":"Radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluation of the patellar ligament following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"47","author":"Mattern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13300","article-title":"The effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy on patellofemoralkinematics in dogs: An in vivo study","volume":"49","author":"Zann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9n\u00e9go, L., Vezzoni, A., and Vezzoni, L. (2021). Comparison of tibial anatomical-mechanical axis angles and patellar positions between tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) and modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy (AMA-based CCWO) for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in larjge dogs with tibial plateau slopes greater than 30\u00b0 and clinically normal Labradors retrievers. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03094-3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2112-1","article-title":"Neglected patellar tendon ruptures\u2014A simple modified reconstruction using hamstrings tendon graft","volume":"37","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Orthop."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/3\/126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:12:24Z","timestamp":1760105544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/3\/126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci11030126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11030126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]}}}