{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:42:16Z","timestamp":1785552136666,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food Agriculture","award":["2018-07055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-07055"]}]},{"name":"the North Dakota State Board of Agricultural Research Education","award":["2018-07055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-07055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the effects of nutrient restriction and one-carbon metabolite (OCM) supplementation (folate, vitamin B12, methionine, and choline) on fetal small intestine weight, vascularity, and cell proliferation, 29 (n = 7 \u00b1 1 per treatment) crossbred Angus beef heifers (436 \u00b1 42 kg) were estrous synchronized and conceived by artificial insemination with female sexed semen from a single sire. Then, they were allotted randomly to one of four treatments in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial arrangement with the main factors of nutritional plane [control (CON) vs. restricted feed intake (RES)] and OCM supplementation [without OCM (\u2212OCM) or with OCM (+OCM)]. Heifers receiving the CON level of intake were fed to target an average daily gain of 0.45 kg\/day, which would allow them to reach 80% of mature BW by calving. Heifers receiving the RES level of intake were fed to lose 0.23 kg\/heifer daily, which mimics observed production responses in heifers that experience a diet and environment change during early gestation. Targeted heifer gain and OCM treatments were administered from d 0 to 63 of gestation, and then all heifers were fed a common diet targeting 0.45 kg\/d gain until d 161 of gestation, when heifers were slaughtered, and fetal jejunum was collected. Gain had no effect (p = 0.17) on the fetal small intestinal weight. However, OCM treatments (p = 0.02) displayed less weight compared to the \u2212OCM groups. Capillary area density was increased in fetal jejunal villi of RES \u2212 OCM (p = 0.02). Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) positivity ratio tended to be greater (p = 0.08) in villi and was less in the crypts (p = 0.02) of the RES + OCM group. Cell proliferation decreased (p = 0.02) in villi and crypts of fetal jejunal tissue from heifers fed the RES + OCM treatment compared with all groups and CON \u2212 OCM, respectively. Spatial cell density increased in RES \u2212 OCM compared with CON + OCM (p = 0.05). Combined, these data show OCM supplementation can increase expression of VEGFR2 in jejunal villi, which will promote maintenance of the microvascular beds, while at the same time decreasing small intestine weight and crypt cell proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11040146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:28:06Z","timestamp":1711369686000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of Maternal Nutrition and One-Carbon Metabolites Supplementation during Early Pregnancy on Bovine Fetal Small Intestine Vascularity and Cell Proliferation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Daneshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5436-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel P.","family":"Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yssi L.","family":"Entzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica G.","family":"Syring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla E.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, MN 56716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazi Sarjana","family":"Safain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3791-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Anas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence P.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison K.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R.","family":"Dahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4579-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel S.","family":"Caton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa358","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa358","article-title":"Maternal periconceptual nutrition, early pregnancy, and developmental outcomes in beef cattle","volume":"98","author":"Caton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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