{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:51:59Z","timestamp":1790722319847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife and Companion Animal Research Group (1-2566)","award":["FF66\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF66\/021"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University, Thailand","award":["FF66\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF66\/021"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["FF66\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF66\/021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three cases of double infection with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) types 1A and 4 in captive Asian elephants are presented. The first calf was a 4-year-old female that showed initial signs of lethargy and depression. The second calf was a 6-year-old female that displayed signs of depression and diarrhea and died within 48 h of the start of supportive treatment. The third was a 2-year-old male that died suddenly while living with the herd. Necropsies were performed in the first and second elephants, while only a tongue sample was collected from the third calf. EEHV infection was confirmed via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and gene sequencing, revealing double subtypes of EEHV1A and -4 infections. This study describes the hematological and pathological characteristics within the host following double EEHV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11040147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:28:06Z","timestamp":1711369686000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterizations of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Type 1A and 4 Co-Infections in Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Calves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khajohnpat","family":"Boonprasert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saralee","family":"Srivorakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Veterinary Diagnostic and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natcha","family":"Monchaivanakit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warangkhana","family":"Langkaphin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supaphen","family":"Sripiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakornpathom 73140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thittaya","family":"Janyamethakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattara Elephant Farm, Mae Wang, Chiang Mai 50360, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Channarong","family":"Srisa-ad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Save Elephant Foundation, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thunyamas","family":"Guntawang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chatchote","family":"Thitaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife and Companion Animal Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kidsadagon","family":"Pringproa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife and Companion Animal Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Herpes nodules in the lung of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana (Blumebach, 1792))","volume":"38","author":"McCully","year":"1971","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. 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