{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:01:02Z","timestamp":1791975662136,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Parma through the action of Bando di Ateneo 2023 per la ricerca","award":["D97G23000350001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D97G23000350001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review describes the oestrus-to-ovulation interval, the possibility of predicting the time of ovulation, and the optimum time for insemination relative to oestrus in dairy cows. The duration of oestrus in dairy cows is approximately 8\u201320 h, with differences possibly related to the methods of oestrus detection and the frequency of observations. Most cows ovulate approximately 24\u201333 h after the onset of oestrus and 15\u201322 h after the end of oestrus. The interval from the preovulatory luteinising hormone (LH) surge to ovulation is approximately 4\u201330 h. Ovulation occurs when follicle diameter averages 18\u201320 mm. When it is possible to correctly determine the beginning of oestrus, artificial insemination can be performed utilizing the \u201ca.m.\u2013p.m. rule\u201d, and only one insemination may be applied. In cows with too long or too short oestrus-to-ovulation intervals, fertility can be compromised. One important factor that can alter the oestrus-to-ovulation interval is acute or chronic heat stress during the warm season. When there is a risk that insemination may occur too early or too late with respect to the time of ovulation, GnRH administration can be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11040152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interval from Oestrus to Ovulation in Dairy Cows\u2014A Key Factor for Insemination Time: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"De Rensis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary\u2014Medical Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6798-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Dall\u2019Olio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary\u2014Medical Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Maria","family":"Gnemmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovinevet Internacional SL. Bovine Reproduction Ultrasonography & Herd Management Huesca (ES), 22006 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Padet","family":"Tummaruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10310, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania","family":"Andrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary\u2014Medical Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Saleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary\u2014Medical Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80173-X","article-title":"Transport and fate of spermatozoa after insemination of cattle","volume":"70","author":"Hawk","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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