{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:32:46Z","timestamp":1789464766786,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a tick-borne disease affecting horses worldwide, caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The disease ranges from non-specific clinical signs to fatal outcomes. This paper aimed to analyze EGA cases reported in peer-reviewed journals, particularly on clinico-pathological findings, diagnosis, and therapeutic management. Overall, 189 clinical cases from 31 publications were included in the study. Extensive symptomatology for the EGA cases was reported, of which mostly was fever (90.30%), followed by limb edema (48.51%), anorexia (41.79%), depression (32.84%), icterus (22.39%), ataxia (17.91), tachycardia (16.42%), and lethargy (15.67%). Laboratory tests revealed thrombocytopenia (90.32%), anemia (75%), decreased hematocrit (70.59%), leukopenia (55.88%), lymphopenia (58.14%), and neutropenia (41.67%) as the most common hematological abnormalities. For a subset of tested animals, hyperbilirubinemia (20\/29), hyperfibrinogenemia (13\/15), and hyponatremia (10\/10) were also reported. The diagnosis was established by microscopic identification of morulae (in 153 cases), and\/or PCR (120 cases), isolation (1 case), or serology (56 cases). For treatment, oxytetracycline was used in the majority (52.24%) of EGA cases, but recovery without antibiotherapy (10.34%) was also noted. In conclusion, the variety of clinical and pathological findings and the challenging therapeutic approaches reported suggest that EGA should be included in the differential diagnosis when fever occurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11060269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T06:23:11Z","timestamp":1718259791000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Clinico-Pathological Findings, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andreea Monica","family":"Bogdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases & Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan Liviu","family":"Mitrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases & Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ionita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases & Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.17221\/1861-VETMED","article-title":"Bacteria of the genus Anaplasma\u2014Characteristics of Anaplasma and their vectors: A review","volume":"53","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1960","article-title":"Guidelines for the Direct Detection of Anaplasma spp. in Diagnosis and Epidemiological Studies","volume":"17","author":"Silaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.10.025","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of Theileria equi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in horses from Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia","volume":"215","author":"Slivinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-6-2145","article-title":"Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: Unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and \u2018HGE agent\u2019 as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila","volume":"51","author":"Dumler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"886","article-title":"Granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from Saskatchewan","volume":"53","author":"Burgess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuen, S., Granquist, E.G., and Silaghi, C. (2013). Anaplasma phagocytophilum\u2014A widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00031"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.058636-0","article-title":"Comparative analysis of 16S RNA nucleotide sequences of Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in the blood of horses from various parts of Europe","volume":"62","author":"Adaszek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khedery, B., Lundgren, A.M., Stuen, S., Granquist, E.G., Munderloh, U.G., Nelson, C.M., Alleman, A.R., Mahan, S.M., and Barbet, A.F. (2012). Structure of the type IV secretion system in different strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. BMC Genomics, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-678"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pusterla, N., and Madigan, J.E. (2014). Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection. Equine Infectious Diseases, Elsevier. Chapter 39.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00039-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, R., Lv, D., Fan, R., Fu, G., Mu, H., Xi, J., Lu, X., Chun, H., Hua, J., and He, Z. (2022). Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Marmota himalayana. BMC Genom., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08557-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2019\/7.2.106.111","article-title":"First Detection of Equine Anaplasmosis and Hemoplasmosis of Horses in Mosul City, Iraq","volume":"7","author":"Albadrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"267","article-title":"The role of particular ticks developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens in Central Europe","volume":"62","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"4. Anaplasmataceae. Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04049-7","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus under field conditions extrapolated from DNA detection in questing larvae","volume":"13","author":"Hauck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-38","article-title":"Congenital infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a calf in northern Germany","volume":"55","author":"Henniger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuen, S., Okstad, W., and Sagen, A.M. (2018). Intrauterine Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Persistently Infected Lambs. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5010025"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-102","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks in Slovenia","volume":"3","author":"Smrdel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1086\/518146","article-title":"Ehrlichioses in Humans: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"45","author":"Dumler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.016","article-title":"Molecular evidence for bacterial and protozoan pathogens in hard ticks from Romania","volume":"196","author":"Ionita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1130-9","article-title":"Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Romania","volume":"8","author":"Dumitrache","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.03.010","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Romania","volume":"6","author":"Matei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2756-1","article-title":"Molecular survey of neglected bacterial pathogens reveals an abundant diversity of species and genotypes in ticks collected from animal hosts across Romania","volume":"11","author":"Andersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2791-y","article-title":"New records for Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in small mammal species","volume":"11","author":"Matei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor\u015fan, S.D., Ionic\u0103, A.M., Galon, C., Toma-Naic, A., Pe\u015ftean, C., S\u00e1ndor, A.D., Moutailler, S., and Mihalca, A.D. (2021). High Diversity, Prevalence, and Co-infection Rates of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Wildlife Hosts in an Urban Area in Romania. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.645002"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"116","article-title":"Preliminary data on detection of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in cattle, Romania","volume":"69","author":"Mitrea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Works, Ser. C Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdan, A.M., Ionita, M., and Mitrea, I.L. (2021). Serological Evidence of Natural Exposure to Tick-Borne Pathogens in Horses, Romania. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020373"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.16.387","article-title":"Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the UK","volume":"135","author":"Korbutiak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2035-2037.1998","article-title":"Identification of a granulocytic Ehrlichia strain isolated from a horse in Switzerland and comparison with other rickettsiae of the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup","volume":"36","author":"Pusterla","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03853.x","article-title":"A serological and clinical follow-up in horses with confirmed equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"31","author":"Artursson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"127","article-title":"Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the UK","volume":"149","author":"Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.25.787","article-title":"Ehrlichia equi (Anaplasma phagocytophila) infection in an adult horse in France","volume":"150","author":"Bermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07374.x","article-title":"Equine ehrlichiosis in Italy","volume":"990","author":"Scarpulla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0935-1","article-title":"A Case of Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Provides Molecular Evidence for the Presence of Pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum (HGE Agent) in Germany","volume":"22","author":"Stumpf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.053","article-title":"New Findings on Anaplasmosis Caused by Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"1081","author":"Lillini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.7.216","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses in the Netherlands","volume":"162","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"330","article-title":"A first case of ehrlichiosis in a horse in Poland","volume":"116","author":"Adaszek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02181.x","article-title":"Isolated fever in horses: A new case of equine anaplasmosis in France","volume":"15","author":"Boni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.4852","article-title":"Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic","volume":"166","author":"Jahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01394.x","article-title":"Identification of Anaplasma spp. Rickettsia Isolated from Horses from Clinical Disease Cases in Poland","volume":"58","author":"Adaszek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-161","article-title":"Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases","volume":"4","author":"Silaghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000605","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a horse from Switzerland with severe neurological symptoms","volume":"156","author":"Gussmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"239","article-title":"Horse anaplasmosis as a cause of CNS infections and the use of computed tomography as a diagnostic imaging tool to present of its cerebral form: Literature review supplemented with a clinical case","volume":"78","author":"Nowicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"174","article-title":"A case of Ehrlichia equi in an adult horse in British Columbia","volume":"37","author":"Berrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.434-435.1996","article-title":"Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Connecticut Caused by an Agent Resembling the Human Granulocytotropic Ehrlichia","volume":"34","author":"Madigan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1999.tb01062.x","article-title":"Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis: A case report with DNA analysis and species comparison","volume":"28","author":"Plier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1931","article-title":"Acute recumbency associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a horse","volume":"224","author":"Hanelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0115.x","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in a Horse","volume":"22","author":"Hilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.01.002","article-title":"Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Case Report and Review","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"537","article-title":"Granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from Nova Scotia caused by infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"52","author":"Uehlinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.10.003","article-title":"Clinicopathologic Characterization of Six Cases of Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis In a Nonendemic Area (2008\u20132011)","volume":"33","author":"Siska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12552","article-title":"Cavitary Effusion Associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in 2 Equids","volume":"29","author":"Restifo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0247R.1","article-title":"Clinical disease associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in captive Przewalski\u2019s horses (Equus ferus przewalskii)","volume":"48","author":"Sim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.12.032","article-title":"First molecular evidence of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in Pakistan","volume":"180","author":"Saleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2020-0045","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses (Equus caballus) from Northern Algeria","volume":"64","author":"Laamari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0317.x","article-title":"Molecular evidence for persistance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the absence of clinical abnormalities in horses after recovery from acute experimental infection","volume":"23","author":"Aspan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2002.00598.x","article-title":"Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophila (Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent) in Horses Using Experimentally Infected Ticks (Ixodes scapularis)","volume":"49","author":"Pusterla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02687.x","article-title":"Acute Clinical, Hematologic, Serologic, and Polymerase Chain Reaction Findings in Horses Experimentally Infected with a European Strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"19","author":"Aspan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2131-2134.1998","article-title":"Experimental Transmission of Ehrlichia equi to Horses through Naturally Infected Ticks (Ixodes pacificus) from Northern California","volume":"36","author":"Reubel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Cytokine Gene Expression by Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in Horses Experimentally Infected with Anaplasma phagocytophila","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106626","article-title":"Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in Southern Sweden: Associations with coniferous forest, water bodies and landscape heterogeneity","volume":"285","author":"Petersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0449","article-title":"Prevalence of tick borne pathogens in horses from Italy","volume":"75","author":"Laus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.03.188","article-title":"Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis","volume":"33","author":"Pusterla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2019.100055","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria equi coinfection in horses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612010000300002","article-title":"Serologic evidence of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in horses from central West Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Salvagni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prado, L.G., Palhares, M.S., Valgas e Bastos, C., Gon\u00e7alves da Silveira, J.A., Ribeiro, A.A.R., de Miranda, A.L.S., Bezerra, V.M., and Ribeiro, M.F.B. (2018). Anaplasma phagocytophilum direct detection and exposure evidence in equines from two breeding farms from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arq. Inst. Biol., 85.","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000902017"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02172.x","article-title":"A 4-year study of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3429-9","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal","volume":"112","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/6\/269\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:58:00Z","timestamp":1760108280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/6\/269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci11060269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11060269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}