{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:31Z","timestamp":1787030071900,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This descriptive cross-sectional study compared the microbiota of the uterus, vagina, clitoral fossa (CF), and perineal skin in healthy maiden mares during estrus. Twelve synchronized, healthy maiden mares (3\u20134 years old) from one single recipient mare herd were included. Microbial communities were characterized by amplifying the V3\u2013V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The uterine and vaginal microbiota had significantly lower richness (Chao-1) than the skin (p &lt; 0.05). The uterine and vagina bacterial composition was similar in presence and abundance and could be differentiated from that of the CF and perineal skin. The microbial composition (Jaccard and Bray\u2013Curtis distances) significantly differed across body-site locations (p &lt; 0.05), which explained approximately 14% and 19% of the variation in microbial composition for Jaccard and Bray\u2013Curtis distances, respectively. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant taxa in the uterus and vagina, with higher proportions of Proteobacteria in the vaginal samples compared to the uterine samples. Streptococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae were present in high abundance in the uterine and vaginal samples, while Lactobacillaceae were not (&lt;10%). We demonstrate that the uterine and vaginal microbiota of healthy maiden mares during estrus is similar but both distinct from that of the CF and perineal skin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11070323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T10:39:26Z","timestamp":1721299166000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Vaginal and Uterine Microbiota of Healthy Maiden Mares during Estrus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Gil-Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Caddey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Orellana-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burleson Animal ER, Weatherford, TX 76087, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Samper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego E.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106100","article-title":"The Reproductive Microbiome in Dogs: Friend or Foe?","volume":"304","author":"Banchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. 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