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However, its effects and applications on the oral microbiota of cats remain underexplored. Twelve healthy cats were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and a composite probiotic group (CPG) for a 42-day trial. The CPG diet included additional supplementation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and Lactobacillus casei LC-11, each at approximately 1 \u00d7 1010 CFU\/kg. On days 0 and 42, microbial samples were collected from the gingiva, tooth surfaces, and tongue of all cats for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla across all oral sites. The CPG treatment enriched seven genera, such as Moraxella, Actinomyces, and Frederiksenia in the gingiva. Meanwhile, Bergeyella and Streptococcus were enriched on the tooth surfaces, while Bergeyella, Flavobacterium, and Luteimonas were enriched on the tongue. Furthermore, the composite probiotic effectively suppressed eight genera, such as Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, and Filifactor in the gingiva of CPG cats, as well as Helcococcus,\u00a0Lentimicrobium, and Campylobacter on tooth surfaces, and Porphyromonas,\u00a0Treponema, and Fusibacter on the tongue. These findings suggest that the composite probiotic used in this study modulates the feline oral microbiota by supporting beneficial or commensal bacteria and inhibiting oral pathogens, demonstrating potential to improve oral health in cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11080351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T11:28:54Z","timestamp":1722857334000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Dietary Composite Probiotic Supplementation on the Microbiota of Different Oral Sites in Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyue","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Wangmiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311113, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longxian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Wangmiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311113, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14560099","article-title":"Periodontal disease in cats: Back to basics\u2014With an eye on the future","volume":"17","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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