{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:44:11Z","timestamp":1775580251074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1200201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1200201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31701229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31701229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSJL2023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSJL2023006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFC1200201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1200201"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31701229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31701229"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JSJL2023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSJL2023006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1200201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1200201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31701229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31701229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSJL2023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSJL2023006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus associated with severe economic losses in animal production. Effective vaccination and viral surveillance are urgent for the prevention and control of BVDV infection. However, the application of traditional modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines is faced with tremendous challenges. In the present study, we describe the preclinical efficacy of two BVDV mRNA vaccines tested in mice and guinea pigs, followed by a field trial in goats, where they were compared to a commercial vaccine (formaldehyde inactivated). The two mRNAs were engineered to express the envelope protein E2 of BVDV-1, the most prevalent subtype across the world, through a 5\u2032 cap-dependent or independent fashion. Better titers of neutralizing antibodies against BVDV-1 were achieved using the capped RNA in the sera of mice and guinea pigs, with maximum values reaching 9.4 and 13.7 (by \u2212log2), respectively, on the 35th day post-vaccination. At the same time point, the antibody levels in goats were 9.1 and 10.2 for the capped and capless RNAs, respectively, and there were no significant differences compared to the commercial vaccine. The animals remained healthy throughout the experiment, as reflected by their normal leukogram profiles. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that mRNA vaccines have good safety and immunogenicity, and we laid a strong foundation for the further exploitation of efficient and safe BVDV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11080373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1723556149000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Preclinical Efficacy of Cap-Dependent and Independent mRNA Vaccines against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zikang","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirpha","family":"Ketema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuze","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenghong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handel, I.G., Willoughby, K., Land, F., Koterwas, B., Morgan, K.L., Tanya, V.N., and Bronsvoort, B.M. 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