{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:38:42Z","timestamp":1768621122814,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this prospective, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the use of the pleth variability index (PVi) to guide the rate of intraoperative fluid therapy compared to a traditional fixed-fluid-rate approach in ASA 1\u20132 dogs undergoing surgery. Twenty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the conventional fluid management group (CFM, n = 12) or the PVi-guided group (PVi, n = 15). The CFM group received a fixed rate of 5 mL kg\u22121 h\u22121 of crystalloid solution, while in the PVi group the rate was continuously adjusted based on the PVi: PVi &lt; 14% = 3 mL kg\u22121 h\u22121; 14% \u2264 PVi \u2265 20% = 10 mL kg\u22121 h\u22121; and PVi &gt; 20% = 15 mL kg\u22121 h\u22121. Hypotension (MAP &lt; 65 mmHg) in the CFM was treated with a maximum of two fluid boluses (5 mL kg\u22121 in 10 min) and in the case of no response, dobutamine (1\u20133 mcg kg\u22121 min\u22121) was administered. In the PVi group, the treatment of hypotension was similar, except when the PVi &gt; 14%, when dobutamine was started directly. Total fluid volume was significantly lower in the PVI group (0.056 \u00b1 0.027 mL kg\u22121 min\u22121) compared to the CFM group (0.132 \u00b1 0.115 mL kg\u22121 min\u22121), and the incidence of hypotension was lower (p = 0.023) in the PVi group (0%) compared to the CFM group (41%). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly higher in the PVi group during surgery. Dobutamine was never administered in either group. Preliminary data suggest that the PVi may be considered as a potential target to guide fluid therapy in dogs; larger studies are needed, especially in cases of cardiovascular instability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11090396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T09:26:51Z","timestamp":1724750811000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Pleth Variability Index as a Guide to Fluid Therapy in Dogs Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5803-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Vicenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Stabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Lambertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1397-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Piemontese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Spaccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Foglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4963-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lacitignola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Crovace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Staffieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_689_17","article-title":"Intraoperative Fluid Management: Past and Future, Where Is the Evidence?","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. 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