{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:48:28Z","timestamp":1780465708368,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Morris Animal Foundation First Award","award":["D24EQ-318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D24EQ-318"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equine colitis is a devastating disease with a high mortality rate. Infectious pathogens associated with colitis in the adult horse include Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Neorickettsia risticii\/findlaynesis, and equine coronavirus. Antimicrobial-associated colitis can be associated with the presence of infectious pathogens. Colitis can also be due to non-infectious causes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, sand ingestion, and infiltrative bowel disease. Current treatments focus on symptomatic treatment (restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing laminitis and sepsis). Intestinal epithelial ion channels are key regulators of electrolyte (especially sodium and chloride) and water movement into the lumen. Dysfunctional ion channels play a key role in the development of diarrhea. Infectious pathogens, including Salmonella spp. and C. difficile, have been shown to regulate ion channels in a variety of ways. In other species, there has been an increased interest in ion channel manipulation as an anti-diarrheal treatment. While targeting ion channels also represents a promising way to manage diarrhea associated with equine colitis, ion channels have not been well studied in the equine colon. This review provides an overview of what is known about colonic ion channels and their known or putative role in specific types of equine colitis due to various pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:30:18Z","timestamp":1728286218000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian M. B.","family":"Haywood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breanna J.","family":"Sheahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Functions of the Equine Large Intestine and Their Interrelationship in Disease","volume":"65","author":"Argenzio","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krunkosky, T.M., Jarrett, C.L., and Moore, J.N. (2017). Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Equine Gastrointestinal Tract. The Equine Acute Abdomen, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119063254.ch1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, S.M., Bayly, W.M., and Sellon, D.C. (2004). Diarrhea. Equine Internal Medicine, Saunders.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471684228.egp03332"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-030117-014748","article-title":"Equine Intestinal Mucosal Pathobiology","volume":"6","author":"Blikslager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wray, C., and Wray, A. (2000). Salmonella in Horses. Salmonella in Domestic Animals, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851992617.0000"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.m3767","article-title":"Dealing with Acute Diarrhoea in Adult Horses","volume":"42","author":"Chidlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.11.013","article-title":"Efficacy of Hyperimmunized Plasma in the Treatment of Horses with Acute Colitis","volume":"31","author":"Atherton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Acute Diarrhea in Horses: A Multicenter Canadian Retrospective Study (2015 to 2019)","volume":"63","author":"Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16562","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota of Horses with Colitis and Its Association with Laminitis and Survival during Hospitalization","volume":"36","author":"Ayoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00595.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhoea in Three Equine Referral Practices","volume":"45","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liepman, R.S., Swink, J.M., Habing, G.G., Boyaka, P.N., Caddey, B., Costa, M., Gomez, D.E., and Toribio, R.E. (2022). Effects of Intravenous Antimicrobial Drugs on the Equine Fecal Microbiome. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12081013"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.1990.11739021","article-title":"Impact of Antimicrobial Agents on Human Intestinal Microflora","volume":"2","author":"Nord","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.11.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Undifferentiated and Infectious Acute Diarrhea in the Adult Horse","volume":"34","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14024","article-title":"Diagnostic Approaches, Aetiological Agents and Their Associations with Short-Term Survival and Laminitis in Horses with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Referral Institutions","volume":"56","author":"Gomez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Equine Colitis Research Group (2020). Science-in-Brief: Report on the Havemeyer Foundation Workshop on Acute Colitis of the Adult Horse. Equine Vet. J., 52, 163\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13223"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.62.1.535","article-title":"Chloride Secretion by the Intestinal Epithelium: Molecular Basis and Regulatory Aspects","volume":"62","author":"Barrett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G493","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00093.2023","article-title":"The Emerging Roles of Deep Crypt Secretory Cells in Colonic Physiology","volume":"325","author":"Schumacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2001","article-title":"Electrolyte Transport in the Mammalian Colon: Mechanisms and Implications for Disease","volume":"82","author":"Kunzelmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.014","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Watery Diarrhea","volume":"152","author":"Camilleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00316.2021","article-title":"Intestinal Secretory Mechanisms and Diarrhea","volume":"322","author":"Keely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2003.06.012","article-title":"CFTR Pharmacology and Its Role in Intestinal Fluid Secretion","volume":"3","author":"Thiagarajah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.02.003","article-title":"New Drug Targets for Cholera Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Thiagarajah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.4.572-575.1985","article-title":"Isolation of Non-O1 Vibrio Cholerae Associated with Enteric Disease of Herbivores in Western Colorado","volume":"22","author":"Rhodes","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"769","article-title":"Enterotoxin Activity of a Salmonella Typhimurium of Equine Origin in Vivo in Rabbits and the Effect of Salmonella Culture Lysates and Cholera Toxin on Equine Colonic Mucosa in Vitro","volume":"47","author":"Murray","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C653","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.275.3.C653","article-title":"Prostaglandin F2\u03b1stimulates CFTR Activity by PKA- and PKC-Dependent Phosphorylation","volume":"275","author":"Reenstra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(02)00008-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrinology","volume":"18","author":"Schneider","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.08.1200","article-title":"Alterations in Colonic Arterial and Venous Plasma Neuropeptide Concentrations in Horses during Low-Flow Ischemia and Reperfusion of the Large Colon","volume":"57","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.02.276","article-title":"Effects of Flunixin Meglumine on Endotoxin-Induced Prostaglandin F2\u03b1 Secretion during Early Pregnancy in Mares","volume":"52","author":"Daels","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"50","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 and Reactive Oxygen Metabolite Damage in the Cecum in a Pony Model of Acute Colitis","volume":"66","author":"McConnico","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve232","article-title":"The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Inhibits ENaC through an Increase in the Intracellular Cl\u2212 Concentration","volume":"2","author":"Schreiber","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0957-z","article-title":"cAMP-Dependent Activation of CFTR Inhibits the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) without Affecting Its Surface Expression","volume":"445","author":"Konstas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcg. Arch."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wuchu, F., Ma, X., Que, Y., Chen, J., and Ruan, Y.C. (2022). Biphasic Regulation of CFTR Expression by ENaC in Epithelial Cells: The Involvement of Ca2+-Modulated cAMP Production. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.781762"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13811","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13811","article-title":"ENaC Activation by Proteases","volume":"235","author":"Anand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163108","article-title":"Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) by Serine Proteases","volume":"71","author":"Rossier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R939","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1992.262.6.R939","article-title":"Short-Term Effect of Aldosterone on Na-Cl Transport across Equine Colon","volume":"262","author":"Clarke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00211.x","article-title":"Dehydration, Electrolyte Imbalances and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-Vasopressin Axis in Successful and Unsuccessful Endurance Horses","volume":"42","author":"Riber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153530","article-title":"Secretion and Absorption by Colonic Crypts","volume":"67","author":"Geibel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503562103","article-title":"Regulation of Sodium-Proton Exchanger Isoform 3 (NHE3) by PKA and Exchange Protein Directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC)","volume":"103","author":"Honegger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, P., and Yun, C.C. (2010). Mechanisms of the Regulation of the Intestinal Na+\/H+Exchanger NHE3. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/238080"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G687","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.4.G687","article-title":"SCFA Increase Intestinal Na Absorption by Induction of NHE3 in Rat Colon and Human Intestinal C2\/Bbe Cells","volume":"280","author":"Musch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1998.9694970","article-title":"Role of Short-chain Fatty Acids in the Hind Gut","volume":"20","author":"Bartels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.04.005","article-title":"The Bacterial Community of the Horse Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Relation to Fermentative Acidosis, Laminitis, Colic, and Stomach Ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Andrews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13255","article-title":"Sodium\u2013Glucose Cotransporters: Functional Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential","volume":"11","author":"Sano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196807252790402","article-title":"Decrease in Net Stool Output in Cholera during Intestinal Perfusion with Glucose-Containing Solutions","volume":"279","author":"Hirschhorn","year":"1968","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2007","article-title":"Physiology and Pathophysiology of Potassium Channels in Gastrointestinal Epithelia","volume":"88","author":"Heitzmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Bauck, A. (2019). Mechanisms of Bicarbonate Secretion in the Equine Colon In Vitro. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barmeyer, C., Ye, J.H., Soroka, C., Geibel, P., Hingsammer, L.M., Weitgasser, L., Atway, D., Geibel, J.P., Binder, H.J., and Rajendran, V.M. (2013). Identification of Functionally Distinct Na-HCO3 Co-Transporters in Colon. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062864"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.03.0045","article-title":"Mechanisms of Bicarbonate Secretion in the Equine Colon Ex Vivo","volume":"83","author":"Bauck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12454","article-title":"Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Associated Right Dorsal Colitis in the Horse","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinijkumthorn, R., Bauck, A.G., Vidyasagar, S., and Freeman, D.E. (2023). Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Reduce Anion Secretion and Increase Apoptosis in Equine Colonic Mucosa Ex Vivo. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.08.0182"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"667","article-title":"Physiology of Diarrhea\u2014Large Intestine","volume":"173","author":"Argenzio","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80010-5","article-title":"Induced Diarrhoea in Horses Part 1: Fluid and Electrolytebalance","volume":"155","author":"Ecke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magdesian, K.G., Dwyer, R.M., and Arguedas, M.G. (2014). Viral Diarrhea. Equine Infect. Dis., 198\u2013203.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00018-X"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(92)90037-3","article-title":"Loss of Absorptive Capacity for Sodium and Chloride in the Colon Causes Diarrhoea in Potomac Horse Fever","volume":"52","author":"Rikihisa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2011.00358.x","article-title":"A Review of Foal Diarrhoea from Birth to Weaning","volume":"24","author":"Mallicote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.02.009","article-title":"The Role of Ion Transporters in the Pathophysiology of Infectious Diarrhea","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225841","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2225841","article-title":"Increased Intestinal Permeability and Downregulation of Absorptive Ion Transporters Nhe3, Dra, and Sglt1 Contribute to Diarrhea during Clostridioides Difficile Infection","volume":"15","author":"Kaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01848-14","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin and Beta Toxin in Rabbit Small Intestinal Loops","volume":"82","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benz, R., and Popoff, M.R. (2018). Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin: The Toxin Forms Highly Cation-Selective Channels in Lipid Bilayers. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090341"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00493-9","article-title":"Beta2 Toxin, a Novel Toxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"203","author":"Gibert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Fisher, D.J. (2006). Clostridium perfringens Beta2 Toxin: A Potential Accessory Toxin in Gastrointestinal Diseases of Humans and Domestic Animals. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium perfringens in the Feces of Adult Horses and Foals with Acute Enterocolitis","volume":"78","author":"Gohari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719900180","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens Type C Necrotic Enteritis in Pigs: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Prevention","volume":"32","author":"Posthaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.054","article-title":"Altered Expression and Localization of Ion Transporters Contribute to Diarrhea in Mice With Salmonella-Induced Enteritis","volume":"145","author":"Marchelletta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6416","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6416-6423.2002","article-title":"Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi Modulates Cell Surface Expression of Its Receptor, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, on the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"70","author":"Lyczak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.32372","article-title":"Enteroinvasive Bacteria Alter Barrier and Transport Properties of Human Intestinal Epithelium: Role of iNOS and COX-2","volume":"122","author":"Barrett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02677","article-title":"Salmonella Biases Epithelial Differentiation in Murine Enteroids through Wnt and Notch Signaling, Which May Contribute to Diarrheal Pathogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Quach","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42212.x","article-title":"Growth of Ehrlichia Risticii in Human Colonic Epithelial Cells","volume":"590","author":"Rikihisa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10246","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Causes Secretory Diarrhea with an Enterotoxin-like Mechanism, Which Is Reduced by Diosmectite","volume":"8","author":"Poeta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L372","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90437.2008","article-title":"SARS-CoV Proteins Decrease Levels and Activity of Human ENaC via Activation of Distinct PKC Isoforms","volume":"296","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13350","article-title":"Outbreak of Acute Larval Cyathostominosis\u2014A \u201cPerfect Storm\u201d of Inflammation and Dysbiosis","volume":"53","author":"Walshe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00976-0","article-title":"Generation of Equine Enteroids and Enteroid-Derived 2D Monolayers That Are Responsive to Microbial Mimics","volume":"52","author":"Hellman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90180-N","article-title":"Epithelial Ion Transport\u2014Possible Contribution to Parasite Expulsion","volume":"9","author":"Baird","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211056054","article-title":"Effect of Season and Geographic Location in the United States on Detection of Potential Enteric Pathogens or Toxin Genes in Horses \u22656-Mo-Old","volume":"34","author":"Willette","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16147","article-title":"Risk Factors for Laminitis and Nonsurvival in Acute Colitis: Retrospective Study of 85 Hospitalized Horses (2011\u20132019)","volume":"35","author":"Luethy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12156","article-title":"Prophylactic Digital Cryotherapy Is Associated with Decreased Incidence of Laminitis in Horses Diagnosed with Colitis","volume":"46","author":"Kullmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1515\/acve-2017-0029","article-title":"Survival and Evaluation of Clinical and Laboratory Variables as Prognostic Indicators in Horses Hospitilized with Acute Diarrhea: 342 Cases (1995\u20132015)","volume":"67","author":"Huskamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.03.382","article-title":"Characteristics and Risk Factors for Failure of Horses with Acute Diarrhea to Survive: 122 Cases (1990\u20131996)","volume":"214","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13099","article-title":"Assessment of the Impact of Age and of Blood-Derived Inflammatory Markers in Horses with Colitis","volume":"31","author":"Sage","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12071","article-title":"Physicochemical Interpretation of Acid-Base Abnormalities in 54 Adult Horses with Acute Severe Colitis and Diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15386","article-title":"Disease Features of Equine Coronavirus and Enteric Salmonellosis Are Similar in Horses","volume":"33","author":"Manship","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211057469","article-title":"Bacterial and Viral Enterocolitis in Horses: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Uzal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1034","article-title":"Clinicopathologic Evidence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Horses with Acute Colitis","volume":"220","author":"Dolente","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.05.003","article-title":"Impact of Microbial Derived Secondary Bile Acids on Colonization Resistance against Clostridium Difficile in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"41","author":"Winston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776249534","article-title":"A Prospective Study of the Roles of Clostridium Difficile and Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in Equine Diarrhoea","volume":"33","author":"Weese","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03124.x","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Associated with Acute Colitis in Mature Horses Treated with Antibiotics","volume":"29","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04523.x","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Associated with Acute Colitis in Mares When Their Foals Are Treated with Erythromycin and Rifampicin for Rhodococcus Equi Pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Franklin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Toxins: Mechanism of Action and Role in Disease","volume":"18","author":"Voth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"510","article-title":"Equine Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Arroyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813489039","article-title":"Pathology and Diagnostic Criteria of Clostridium Difficile Enteric Infection in Horses","volume":"50","author":"Diab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.11.012","article-title":"An Overview of Equine Enteric Clostridial Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Kuttappan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406776563369","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhoea in Horses within the Community: Predictors, Clinical Presentation and Outcome","volume":"38","author":"Weese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.032","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Infection in Horses: A Review","volume":"167","author":"Diab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.05.001","article-title":"Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Horses","volume":"25","author":"Chapman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775600505","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile: Prevalence in Horses and Environment, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility","volume":"35","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, C., Taminiau, B., Br\u00e9vers, B., Avesani, V., Van Broeck, J., Leroux, A., Gallot, M., Bruwier, A., Amory, H., and Delm\u00e9e, M. (2015). Faecal Microbiota Characterisation of Horses Using 16 Rdna Barcoded Pyrosequencing, and Carriage Rate of Clostridium Difficile at Hospital Admission. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0514-5"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700308","article-title":"Apparent Outbreaks of Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea in Horses in a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital","volume":"7","author":"Madewell","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoster, A., Arroyo, L.G., Staempfli, H.R., Shewen, P.E., and Weese, J.S. (2012). Presence and Molecular Characterization of Clostridium Difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Intestinal Compartments of Healthy Horses. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-94"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.35.3.895-899.1982","article-title":"Colonization of the Large Bowel by Clostridium Difficile in Healthy Infants: Quantitative Study","volume":"35","author":"Stark","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01765-07","article-title":"Bile Salts and Glycine as Cogerminants for Clostridium Difficile Spores","volume":"190","author":"Sorg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.4.16109","article-title":"Both, Toxin A and Toxin B, Are Important in Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"2","author":"Kuehne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.10.013","article-title":"Molecular Analysis of Clostridium Difficile Isolates Recovered from Horses with Diarrhea","volume":"120","author":"Arroyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20110106","article-title":"Super Toxins from a Super Bug: Structure and Function of Clostridium Difficile Toxins","volume":"436","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2017.1325831","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Toxins A and B: Receptors, Pores, and Translocation into Cells","volume":"52","author":"Orrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott, J.F., Rycroft, A.N., Boyce, J.D., MacInnes, J.I., Van Immerseel, F., and V\u00e1zquez-Boland, J.A. (2022). Enteric Clostridia. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754862"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1875414701003020024","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Uzal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Toxinology J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.342","article-title":"Population-Based Study of Fecal Shedding of Clostridium perfringens in Broodmares and Foals","volume":"220","author":"Tillotson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(00)00131-8","article-title":"Foaling-Management Practices Associated with the Occurrence of Enterocolitis Attributed to Clostridium perfringens Infection in the Equine Neonate","volume":"46","author":"East","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Equine Intestinal Clostridiosis. An Acute Disease in Horses Associated with High Intestinal Counts of Clostridium perfringens Type A","volume":"62","author":"Wierup","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231176229","article-title":"Postmortem Examination of Equids >1-Year-Old with Enterotyphlocolitis in Ontario: A Retrospective Descriptive Study","volume":"35","author":"Zakia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.4.455","article-title":"Fatal Intestinal Inflammatory Lesions in Equids in California: 710 Cases (1990\u20132013)","volume":"256","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211041091","article-title":"The Comparative Pathology of Enterocolitis Caused by Clostridium perfringens Type C, Clostridioides Difficile, Paeniclostridium Sordellii, Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Enterica Serovar Typhimurium, and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Horses","volume":"34","author":"Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811404710","article-title":"Pathology of Clostridium perfringens Type C Enterotoxemia in Horses","volume":"49","author":"Diab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1997.0087","article-title":"An Investigation of the Prevalence of the Toxigenic Types of Clostridium perfringens in Horses with Anterior Enteritis: Preliminary Results","volume":"3","author":"Griffiths","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588001700609","article-title":"The Effects of Clostridium perfringens Type A Enterotoxin in Shetland Ponies\u2014Clinical, Morphologic and Clinicopathologic Changes","volume":"17","author":"Ochoa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Mehdizadeh Gohari, I. (2012). Clostridium perfringens and Its Potential Role in Equine Colitis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Guelph]."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"9","article-title":"Lethal Complications Following Administration of Oxytetracycline in the Horse","volume":"23","author":"Andersson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nord. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.06007.x","article-title":"Beta Toxin Is Essential for the Intestinal Virulence of Clostridium perfringens Type C Disease Isolate CN3685 in a Rabbit Ileal Loop Model","volume":"67","author":"Sayeed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.03.358","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin and Clostridium Difficile Toxin A in Feces of Horses with Diarrhea and Colic","volume":"215","author":"Donaldson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.2.358-361.1999","article-title":"Prevalence of \u03922-Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in Horses with Intestinal Disorders","volume":"37","author":"Herholz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40-4-376","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Clostridium perfringens \u03922-Toxin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Horses","volume":"40","author":"Bacciarini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman, J.C., Shrestha, A., and McClane, B.A. (2016). Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin: Action, Genetics, and Translational Applications. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030073"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341968","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2341968","article-title":"Unveiling the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Clostridium perfringens Toxins and Virulence Factors","volume":"13","author":"Camargo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1886777","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Virulence of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"12","author":"Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An Update on the Human and Animal Enteric Pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gohari, I.M., Brefo-Mensah, E.K., Palmer, M., Boerlin, P., and Prescott, J.F. (2018). Sialic Acid Facilitates Binding and Cytotoxic Activity of the Pore-Forming Clostridium perfringens NetF Toxin to Host Cells. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206815"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103606","article-title":"NetF-Positive Clostridium perfringens in Neonatal Foal Necrotising Enteritis in Kentucky","volume":"178","author":"Parreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720904714","article-title":"NetF-Producing Clostridium perfringens and Its Associated Diseases in Dogs and Foals","volume":"32","author":"Unterer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"242","article-title":"Prevalence of netF-Positive Clostridium perfringens in Foals in Southwestern Ontario","volume":"80","author":"Finley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30407-8","article-title":"Clostridia-Associated Enterocolitis in Adult Horses and Foals","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.03.003","article-title":"Freezing or Adding Trypsin Inhibitor to Equine Intestinal Contents Extends the Lifespan of Clostridium perfringens Beta Toxin for Diagnostic Purposes","volume":"18","author":"Beingesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.10.1617","article-title":"Epidemiologic Study of Salmonellae Shedding in the Feces of Horses and Potential Risk Factors for Development of the Infection in Hospitalized Horses","volume":"196","author":"Salman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2010.00144.x","article-title":"Review of the Epidemiology and Infection Control Aspects of Nosocomial Salmonella Infections in Hospitalised Horses","volume":"22","author":"Ekiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00984.x","article-title":"Identification of Predictors of Salmonella Shedding in Adult Horses Presented for Acute Colic","volume":"26","author":"Aceto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrow, P., and Methner, U. (2013). Salmonella Infections in Horses. Salmonella in Domestic Animals, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845939021.0000"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"10","article-title":"Salmonella versus the Microbiome","volume":"85","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04874.x","article-title":"Systematic Review: The Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Increased Susceptibility to Enteric Infection","volume":"34","author":"Bavishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amory, H., Cesarini, C., De Mar\u00e9, L., Loublier, C., Moula, N., Detilleux, J., Saulmont, M., Garigliany, M.-M., and Lecoq, L. (2023). Relationship between the Cycle Threshold Value (Ct) of a Salmonella Spp. qPCR Performed on Feces and Clinical Signs and Outcome in Horses. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081950"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott, J.F., Rycroft, A.N., Boyce, J.D., MacInnes, J.I., Van Immerseel, F., and V\u00e1zquez-Boland, J.A. (2022). Salmonella. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection in Animals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754862"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"7062408","article-title":"Atypical Salmonellosis in a Horse: Implications for Hospital Safety","volume":"2020","author":"Rothers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Equine Salmonellosis: Experimental Production of Four Syndromes","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Salmonella Infections in Horses","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879000200318","article-title":"Asymptomatic Salmonellosis in Healthy Adult Horses","volume":"2","author":"McCain","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.04.507","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonella Organisms from the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Horses at Necropsy","volume":"215","author":"House","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.05.013","article-title":"Salmonella Pathogenesis and Host-Adaptation in Farmed Animals","volume":"63","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694745","article-title":"Acute Colitis in Adult Horses. A Review with Emphasis on Aetiology and Pathogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Larsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, L., Zhang, P., Piao, R., and Wang, Y. (2019). Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00270"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kombade, S., Kaur, N., Kombade, S., and Kaur, N. (2021). Pathogenicity Island in Salmonella. Salmonella spp.\u2014A Global Challenge, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.96443"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00266-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00266-11","article-title":"A Salmonella Virulence Factor Activates the NOD1\/NOD2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"2","author":"Winter","year":"2011","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2017.1353903","article-title":"Mechanisms of Salmonella Pathogenesis in Animal Models","volume":"23","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. HERA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282585","article-title":"Diarrhoeal Pathogenesis in Salmonella Infection May Result from an Imbalance in Intestinal Epithelial Differentiation through Reduced Notch Signalling","volume":"600","author":"Quach","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"22","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Cholera Toxin, Salmonella Typhimurium Culture Lysate, and Viable Salmonella Typhimurium in Isolated Colon Segments in Ponies","volume":"50","author":"Murray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.5.723","article-title":"Effect of Broad-Spectrum Parenteral Antibiotics on \u201cColonization Resistance\u201d of Intestinal Microflora of Humans","volume":"31","author":"Barza","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stecher, B. (2015). The Roles of Inflammation, Nutrient Availability and the Commensal Microbiota in Enteric Pathogen Infection. Microbiol. Spectr., 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MBP-0008-2014"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-3-225","article-title":"The Comparative Pathology of Clostridium Difficile-Associated Disease","volume":"43","author":"Keel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102943","article-title":"Factors Influencing Equine Gut Microbiota: Current Knowledge","volume":"88","author":"Garber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collinet, A., Grimm, P., Julliand, S., and Julliand, V. (2021). Multidimensional Approach for Investigating the Effects of an Antibiotic\u2013Probiotic Combination on the Equine Hindgut Ecosystem and Microbial Fibrolysis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.646294"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04789.x","article-title":"Antibiotic-Induced Expression of a Cryptic Cpb2 Gene in Equine Beta2-Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens","volume":"57","author":"Vilei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"168","article-title":"Lincomycin-Induced Severe Colitis in Ponies: Association with Clostridium Cadaveris","volume":"56","author":"Staempfli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Weese, J.S. (2000). Clostridium Difficile Associated Enterocolitis in Adult Horses and Foals. [D.V.Sc. Thesis, University of Guelph]."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02059.x","article-title":"Case Control and Historical Cohort Study of Diarrhea Associated With Administration of Trimethoprim-Potentiated Sulphonamides to Horses and Ponies","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03129.x","article-title":"The Association of Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate with Acute Colitis in Horses in Sweden","volume":"29","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"718","article-title":"Outbreak of Acute Colitis on a Horse Farm Associated with Tetracycline-Contaminated Sweet Feed","volume":"40","author":"Keir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14032","article-title":"Survival Rates and Factors Associated with Survival and Laminitis of Horses with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Referral Institutions","volume":"56","author":"Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000035","article-title":"The Equine Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.2.265-269.1985","article-title":"Experimental Reproduction of Potomac Horse Fever in Horses with a Newly Isolated Ehrlichia Organism","volume":"22","author":"Dutta","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00250-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00250-22","article-title":"Real-Time PCR Differential Detection of Neorickettsia Findlayensis and N. Risticii in Cases of Potomac Horse Fever","volume":"60","author":"Budachetri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03429-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03429-19","article-title":"Isolation and Molecular Analysis of a Novel Neorickettsia Species That Causes Potomac Horse Fever","volume":"11","author":"Teymournejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.12.3026-3033.1994","article-title":"Antigenic, Morphologic, and Molecular Characterization of New Ehrlichia Risticii Isolates","volume":"32","author":"Chaichanasiriwithaya","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12209","article-title":"Clinical and Clinicopathological Factors Associated with Survival in 44 Horses with Equine Neorickettsiosis (Potomac Horse Fever)","volume":"27","author":"Bertin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"622","article-title":"Potomac Horse Fever in Ontario: Clinical, Geographic, and Diagnostic Aspects","volume":"62","author":"Arroyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000622","article-title":"Abortion in a Horse Following Neorickettsia Risticii Infection","volume":"20","author":"Coffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott, J.F., Rycroft, A.N., Boyce, J.D., MacInnes, J.I., Van Immerseel, F., and V\u00e1zquez-Boland, J.A. (2022). Rickettsiales. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754862"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30406-6","article-title":"Potomac Horse Fever","volume":"9","author":"Palmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(97)80046-9","article-title":"Identification of an Enzootic Diarrhea (\u201cShasta River Crud\u201d) in Northern California as Potomac Horse Fever","volume":"17","author":"Madigan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300514","article-title":"Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Potomac Horse Fever) in Horses in Uruguay and Southern Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Dutra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"565","article-title":"Historical Aspects of Potomac Horse Fever in Ontario (1924\u20132010)","volume":"54","author":"Baird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777032219","article-title":"Transmission of Ehrlichia Risticii, the Agent of Potomac Horse Fever, Using Naturally Infected Aquatic Insects and Helminth Vectors: Preliminary Report","volume":"32","author":"Madigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"Thomas, S. (2016). Transmission Biology, Host Associations, Distribution and Molecular Diagnostics of Neorickettsia. Rickettsiales: Biology, Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.3.505-512.1985","article-title":"Ultrastructural Study of Ehrlichial Organisms in the Large Colons of Ponies Infected with Potomac Horse Fever","volume":"49","author":"Rikihisa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"Reed, S.M., Bayly, W.M., and Sellon, D.C. (2018). Chapter 12\u2014Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System. Equine Internal Medicine, W.B. Saunders. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100814-125234","article-title":"Structure, Regulation, and Functional Diversity of Microvilli on the Apical Domain of Epithelial Cells","volume":"31","author":"Sauvanet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M114.040204","article-title":"Membrane Protein Profiling of Human Colon Reveals Distinct Regional Differences","volume":"13","author":"Hansson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom. MCP"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.11.008","article-title":"Equine Coronaviruses","volume":"39","author":"Pusterla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hepworth-Warren, K.L., Erwin, S.J., Moore, C.B., Talbot, J.R., Young, K.A.S., Neault, M.J., Haugland, J.C., Robertson, J.B., and Blikslager, A.T. (2023). Risk Factors Associated with an Outbreak of Equine Coronavirus at a Large Farm in North Carolina. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1060759"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12480","article-title":"Disease Associated with Equine Coronavirus Infection and High Case Fatality Rate","volume":"29","author":"Fielding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.05.001","article-title":"Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Findings, and Outcome of Adult Horses with Equine Coronavirus Infection at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital: 33 Cases (2012\u20132018)","volume":"248","author":"Berryhill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.007","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Infection with Equine Coronavirus in Healthy Horses in the USA","volume":"220","author":"Kooijman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haake, C., Cook, S., Pusterla, N., and Murphy, B. (2020). Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091023"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.102906","article-title":"Equine Coronavirus-Associated Colitis in Horses: A Retrospective Study","volume":"87","author":"Mattei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemoto, M., Schofield, W., and Cullinane, A. (2019). The First Detection of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses and Foals in Ireland. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100946"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stummer, M., Frisch, V., Glitz, F., Hinney, B., Spergser, J., Kr\u00fccken, J., Diekmann, I., Dimmel, K., Riedel, C., and Cavalleri, J.-M.V. (2023). Presence of Equine and Bovine Coronaviruses, Endoparasites, and Bacteria in Fecal Samples of Horses with Colic. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081043"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814568683","article-title":"Necrotizing Enteritis and Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Associated With Equine Coronavirus Infection in Equids","volume":"52","author":"Giannitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203945","article-title":"Animal Reservoirs and Hosts for Emerging Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses","volume":"27","author":"Ghai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2023.2288876","article-title":"Investigation of the Seroprevalence to Equine Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Adult Horses Recently Imported to the United States","volume":"44","author":"Pusterla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011","article-title":"Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein","volume":"4","author":"Belouzard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15318","article-title":"Investigation of an Experimental Infection Model of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses","volume":"32","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4523-4526.2000","article-title":"Characterization of a Coronavirus Isolated from a Diarrheic Foal","volume":"38","author":"Guy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12119","article-title":"Infectious Agents Associated with Diarrhoea in Neonatal Foals in Central Kentucky: A Comprehensive Molecular Study","volume":"46","author":"Slovis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200210","article-title":"Neonatal Enterocolitis Associated with Coronavirus Infection in a Foal: A Case Report","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Perlman, S., and Masters, P.S. (2020). Coronavirdae: The Viruses and Their Replication. Fields Virology: Emerging Viruses, Wolters Kluwer Health."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.11.004","article-title":"Enteric Coronavirus Infection in Adult Horses","volume":"231","author":"Pusterla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.10.014","article-title":"Emerging Outbreaks Associated with Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses","volume":"162","author":"Pusterla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.11.034","article-title":"Equine Coronavirus Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Cells","volume":"129","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.001","article-title":"Diarrhea During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Management","volume":"18","author":"Baumgart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v12.i2.68","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction as a Key Driver of Severe COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Tsounis","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"80","article-title":"Larval Cyathostominosis in Horses in Ontario: An Emerging Disease?","volume":"47","author":"Peregrine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S2-S1","article-title":"Equine Cyathostomins: A Review of Biology, Clinical Significance and Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Corning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"Nielsen, M. (2024, April 04). Larval Cyathostominosis in Horses\u2014Digestive System. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/digestive-system\/gastrointestinal-parasites-of-horses\/larval-cyathostominosis-in-horses."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13782","article-title":"Larval Cyathostominosis: Clinicopathological Data and Treatment Outcomes of 38 Hospitalised Horses (2009\u20132020)","volume":"35","author":"Lawson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.17221\/88\/2010-VETMED","article-title":"Equine Cyathostomosis: Case Reports","volume":"55","author":"Bodecek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02469.x","article-title":"Larval Cyathostomiasis (Immature Trichonema-Induced Enteropathy): A Report of 15 Clinical Cases","volume":"17","author":"Giles","year":"1985","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00092-8","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Cyathostome Infection","volume":"85","author":"Love","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612019056","article-title":"Fatal Parasite-Induced Enteritis and Typhlocolitis in Horses in Southern Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.07.001","article-title":"Validation of a Serum ELISA Test for Cyathostomin Infection in Equines","volume":"54","author":"Lightbody","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004026","article-title":"Recent Developments in Research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala Perfoliata","volume":"35","author":"Matthews","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04396-5","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Cyathostomin Species-Specific Prevalence and Relative Abundance in Domestic Horses from 1975-2020: Emphasis on Geographical Region and Specimen Collection Method","volume":"13","author":"Bellaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.004","article-title":"Identification and Characterisation of an Immunodiagnostic Marker for Cyathostomin Developing Stage Larvae","volume":"40","author":"McWilliam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0105ska, P., and Norbury, L.J. (2022). The Role of the Intestinal Epithelium in the \u201cWeep and Sweep\u201d Response during Gastro\u2014Intestinal Helminth Infections. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020175"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walshe, N., Mulcahy, G., Hodgkinson, J., and Peachey, L. (2020). No Worm Is an Island; The Influence of Commensal Gut Microbiota on Cyathostomin Infections. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122309"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.02.003","article-title":"Removal of Adult Cyathostomins Alters Faecal Microbiota and Promotes an Inflammatory Phenotype in Horses","volume":"49","author":"Walshe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halliez, M.C.M., and Buret, A.G. (2015). Gastrointestinal Parasites and the Neural Control of Gut Functions. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00452"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.10.014","article-title":"Hymenolepis Diminuta: Effect of Infection on Ion Transport in Colon and Blood Picture of Rats","volume":"124","author":"Salamatin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.08.024","article-title":"Drug-Induced Secretory Diarrhea: A Role for CFTR","volume":"102","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2015.04.006","article-title":"Gastritis, Enteritis, and Colitis in Horses","volume":"31","author":"Uzal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.523","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Astrovirus from Intestinal Tissue of a Donkey Foal with Severe Diarrhea in China","volume":"44","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-024-02066-7","article-title":"Donkey-like Kirkovirus Is Associated with Diarrhea in Piglets","volume":"60","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.65_14008","article-title":"A Novel Kirkovirus May Be Associated with Equine Colitis","volume":"36","author":"Haywood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzal, F.A., Navarro, M.A., Asin, J., and Henderson, E.E. (2022). Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020318"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veac087","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac087","article-title":"Host Prediction for Disease-Associated Gastrointestinal Cressdnaviruses","volume":"8","author":"Kinsella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.08.013","article-title":"Balantidium Coli-Infection in a Finnish Horse","volume":"158","author":"Headley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/10\/480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:01Z","timestamp":1760112721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/10\/480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"references-count":231,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci11100480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11100480","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]}}}