{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:22:32Z","timestamp":1792801352939,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2020A1515110362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110362"]}]},{"name":"Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2021E05028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021E05028"]}]},{"name":"Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["K23438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23438"]}]},{"name":"Marine Biology Foundation of Zhanjiang Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["2020A1515110362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110362"]}]},{"name":"Marine Biology Foundation of Zhanjiang Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["2021E05028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021E05028"]}]},{"name":"Marine Biology Foundation of Zhanjiang Bureau of Science and Technology","award":["K23438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23438"]}]},{"name":"International Exchange and Cooperation Project of the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province","award":["2020A1515110362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515110362"]}]},{"name":"International Exchange and Cooperation Project of the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province","award":["2021E05028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021E05028"]}]},{"name":"International Exchange and Cooperation Project of the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province","award":["K23438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23438"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pervasive use of plastics in numerous industrial sectors has resulted in the circulation of microplastics across diverse ecosystems and food chains, giving rise to mounting concerns regarding their potential adverse impacts on biological systems and the environment. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the distinct effects of microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) exposure on the reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, and intestinal microbial flora of both male and female mice. A total of 24 4-week-old Kunming mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: male control group (CM), female control group (CF), male PVC test group (PVCM), and female PVC test group (PVCF) (n = 6). The findings revealed that in terms of the reproductive system, the PVCM group exhibited an impaired testicular structure with an irregular arrangement and a significant reduction in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules (p &lt; 0.01). The PVCF group exhibited a notable decrease in ovarian follicles (p &lt; 0.01), accompanied by a reduction in uterus volume, fallopian tube volume, and muscle layer thickness, all of which also decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.01). In comparison to the control groups, exposure to PVC resulted in a reduction in the width and height of the intestinal villi, accompanied by an increase in crypt depth. This led to a significant alteration in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V\/C) (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, a reduction in microbial species diversity was observed within both the PVCM and PVCF groups; additionally, it was accompanied by contrasting changes in relative abundance and functional gene profiles among the major intestinal flora constituents. In summary, the findings indicate that PVC induces damage to both male and female mice reproductive and digestive systems, further exhibiting notable sex-dependent effects on mouse intestinal microflora composition, which correlates significantly with its impact on reproductive organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1728459592000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics on the Reproductive System, Intestinal Structure, and Microflora in Male and Female Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yang-Kai-Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5650-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Jun","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Ling","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0771-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559","article-title":"Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic?","volume":"304","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.04.060","article-title":"Municipal solid waste (msw) landfill: A source of microplastics?\u2014Evidence of microplastics in landfill leachate","volume":"159","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2021.100302","article-title":"Unintended human ingestion of nanoplastics and small microplastics through drinking water, beverages, and food sources","volume":"21","author":"Mortensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120404","article-title":"The emerging risk of microplastics and nanoplastics on the microstructure and function of reproductive organs in mammals: A systematic review of preclinical evidence","volume":"295","author":"Marcelino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127754","article-title":"Microplastics increase the accumulation of phenanthrene in the ovaries of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and its transgenerational toxicity","volume":"424","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127629","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induced female reproductive toxicity in mice","volume":"424","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.10.002","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics disturb maternal-fetal immune balance and cause reproductive toxicity in pregnant mice","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134455","article-title":"Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects","volume":"702","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125492","article-title":"Polyethylene microplastics affect the distribution of gut microbiota and inflammation development in mice","volume":"244","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.083","article-title":"Intestinal alterations in european sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to microplastics: Preliminary results","volume":"212","author":"Caccamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139296","article-title":"A review of microplastics pollution in the soil and terrestrial ecosystems: A global and bangladesh perspective","volume":"733","author":"Sarker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.17","article-title":"The microbial pharmacists within us: A metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Spanogiannopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301805","article-title":"A metagenomic insight into our gut\u2019s microbiome","volume":"62","author":"Lepage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.065","article-title":"Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: A review","volume":"245","author":"Botterell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0367-2","article-title":"Host-microbiota interactions in immune-mediated diseases","volume":"18","author":"Ruff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Q.L., Wu, J., Tan, S.W., Guo, X.Y., Zou, D.Z., and Kang, K. (2024). The impact of microplastics polystyrene on the microscopic structure of mouse intestine, tight junction genes and gut microbiota. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304686"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162713","article-title":"Detection and characterization of microplastics in the human testis and semen","volume":"877","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.04.026","article-title":"Alleviative effect of resveratrol on polyvinyl chloride-induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar rats","volume":"116","author":"Archana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00453-2","article-title":"Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity and decreased testosterone levels via the lh-mediated lhr\/camp\/pka\/star pathway","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123430","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity in mice","volume":"401","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110133","article-title":"Exposure to polystyrene microplastics causes reproductive toxicity through oxidative stress and activation of the p38 mapk signaling pathway","volume":"190","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22083","article-title":"The adverse effects of low-dose exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during adolescence on sperm function in adult rats","volume":"31","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13911-9","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce blood-testis barrier disruption regulated by the mapk-nrf2 signaling pathway in rats","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: In vivo experimental study on testicular toxicity in mice","volume":"405","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112012","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics lead to pyroptosis and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells via nlrp3\/caspase-1 signaling pathway in rats","volume":"212","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2428-4","article-title":"Increased concentration of 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine in follicular fluid of infertile women with endometriosis","volume":"366","author":"Da","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153059","article-title":"Comparing the effects of polystyrene microplastics exposure on reproduction and fertility in male and female mice","volume":"465","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173032","article-title":"Ferroptosis: First evidence in premature duck ovary induced by polyvinyl chloride microplastics","volume":"933","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34594","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18218-3","article-title":"Exposure to microplastics leads to a defective ovarian function and change in cytoskeleton protein expression in rat","volume":"29","author":"Haddadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, E.A., Stephens, K.K., and Winuthayanon, W. (2020). Extracellular vesicles and the oviduct function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0638.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0302","article-title":"Oviduct: Roles in fertilization and early embryo development","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01541","article-title":"Features, potential invasion pathways, and reproductive health risks of microplastics detected in human uterus","volume":"58","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155825","article-title":"Oxidative stress mediated by the tlr4\/nox2 signalling axis is involved in polystyrene microplastic-induced uterine fibrosis in mice","volume":"838","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114030","article-title":"Microplastics from agricultural plastic mulch films: A mini-review of their impacts on the animal reproductive system","volume":"244","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894070","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1894070","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4278-3","article-title":"The gut microbiome as a target for prevention and treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: From current human evidence to future possibilities","volume":"60","author":"Brunkwall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, A., Moro, E., Bistoletti, M., Orlandi, V., Crema, F., and Giaroni, C. (2019). Glutamatergic signaling along the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061482"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"Agus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8569","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R116.767434","article-title":"Glucuronides in the gut: Sugar-driven symbioses between microbe and host","volume":"292","author":"Pellock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319127","article-title":"Impairment of spermatogenesis and sperm motility by the high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis of gut microbes","volume":"69","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119789","article-title":"Microplastics-perturbed gut microbiota triggered the testicular disorder in male mice: Via fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"309","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belizario, J.E., and Napolitano, M. (2015). Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01050"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.02.012","article-title":"Actinobacteria: A relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"50","author":"Binda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahony, C., Scully, P., O\u2019Mahony, D., Murphy, S., O\u2019Brien, F., Lyons, A., Sherlock, G., MacSharry, J., Kiely, B., and Shanahan, F. (2008). Commensal-induced regulatory t cells mediate protection against pathogen-stimulated nf-kappab activation. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000112"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03437.x","article-title":"Bacterial strain-specific induction of foxp3+ t regulatory cells is protective in murine allergy models","volume":"40","author":"Lyons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-03833-4","article-title":"Staphylococcal infections and infertility: Mechanisms and management","volume":"474","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116767","article-title":"Combined effects of polyethylene and organic contaminant on zebrafish (Danio rerio): Accumulation of 9-nitroanthracene, biomarkers and intestinal microbiota","volume":"277","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126516.111","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Castellarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111109","article-title":"Microplastic pollution as a grand challenge in marine research: A closer look at their adverse impacts on the immune and reproductive systems","volume":"204","author":"Sharifinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramaniam, M.D., and Kim, I.H. (2015). Clays as dietary supplements for swine: A review. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-015-0037-9"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonis, V., Rossell, C., and Gehart, H. (2021). The intestinal epithelium\u2014Fluid fate and rigid structure from crypt bottom to villus tip. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.661931"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110795","article-title":"Microplastic ingestion cause intestinal lesions in the intertidal fish girella laevifrons","volume":"151","author":"Ahrendt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2098249","article-title":"Gut firmicutes: Relationship with dietary fiber and role in host homeostasis","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801012","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201801012","article-title":"Physical inaccessibility of a resistant starch shifts mouse gut microbiota to butyrogenic firmicutes","volume":"63","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353","article-title":"Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice","volume":"649","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherer, C., Brennholt, N., Reifferscheid, G., and Wagner, M. (2017). Feeding type and development drive the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17191-7"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.B., Jia, L., Yan, Q.Q., Deng, Q., and Wei, B. (2020). Effect of clostridium butyricum and butyrate on intestinal barrier functions: Study of a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis with intra-abdominal hypertension. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.561061"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00993-10","article-title":"Characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes","volume":"77","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848158","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1848158","article-title":"Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Zafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.03.016","article-title":"Exploring bacteroidetes: Metabolic key points and immunological tricks of our gut commensals","volume":"50","author":"Gibiino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000072107","article-title":"Epithelial cell proliferation in the developing zebrafish intestine is regulated by the wnt pathway and microbial signaling via myd88","volume":"108","author":"Cheesman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanov, S., Berlec, A., and Strukelj, B. (2020). The influence of probiotics on the firmicutes\/bacteroidetes ratio in the treatment of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112340","article-title":"Effects induced by polyethylene microplastics oral exposure on colon mucin release, inflammation, gut microflora composition and metabolism in mice","volume":"220","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8806","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR00038A","article-title":"Perturbation of gut microbiota plays an important role in micro\/nanoplastics-induced gut barrier dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04903-7","article-title":"Analysis of differences in intestinal flora associated with different bmi status in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0027","article-title":"Early life: Gut microbiota and immune development in infancy","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.088","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish","volume":"235","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.142","article-title":"Gut bacteria-host metabolic interplay during conventionalisation of the mouse germfree colon","volume":"7","author":"Derrien","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/10\/488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:35Z","timestamp":1760112575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/10\/488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci11100488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11100488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}