{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:27:34Z","timestamp":1788280054268,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrequent rabies cases occur in Israel, endangering humans and animals. While dogs receive mandatory vaccinations, farm animals are vaccinated voluntarily. However, optimal vaccination protocol for small ruminants is lacking. The aim of this study was to test the immunological responses to the rabies vaccine, with or without a booster, in sheep and goats; 70 ewes and 49 does participated in the trial. Following the first vaccine, 88% of the ewes and 100% of the does had a sufficient level of rabies antibodies (&gt;0.5 IU\/mL) 30 days post-vaccination. A year later, 82% of the ewes that had received a booster dose remained protected, whereas 46% of the non-boosted ewes had a sufficient antibody level. For does, 83% of those receiving a booster maintained sufficient antibody levels 1 year later; 80% of the non-boosted does remained protected, demonstrating no significant contribution of the booster dose in this group of goats. However, while the initial immunological response of the does was higher, the change in response between 1 month and 12 months post-vaccination differed significantly between species, with a greater titer reduction in the does. Differential immunological responses between individuals and between species warrant longer-term studies to recommend a proper vaccine protocol for each species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T07:47:05Z","timestamp":1728892025000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rabies Vaccination for Sheep and Goats: Influence of Booster on Persistence of Antibody Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0601-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Weyl Feinstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Galilee Veterinary District, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Bet Dagan, Rishon Letzion 7519701, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiri","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4535-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Eyngor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaniv","family":"Lavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Cattle Breeders\u2019 Association, Caesarea Industrial Park, Caesarea 38900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6039-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Yakobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1343516","article-title":"Rabies epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, February 18). Rabies. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/rabies."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"43","article-title":"The rabies situation in the Middle East","volume":"131","author":"Seimenis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"133","article-title":"Rabies vaccination programme for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Israel (1999\u20132004)","volume":"12","author":"Yakobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001180","article-title":"Emergence of dog rabies in northern regions of Israel","volume":"137","author":"David","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, February 18). The Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Website, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.il\/he\/departments\/guides\/rabies-occurrence-years."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2024, February 18). Rabies. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/disease\/rabies."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.05.004","article-title":"Cattle rabies vaccination\u2014A longitudinal study of rabies antibody titres in an Israeli dairy herd","volume":"121","author":"Yakobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirosh-Levy, S., Shaiman Barom, L., Novak, S., Eyngor, M., Schvartz, G., Yakobson, B., and Steinman, A. (2024). Persistence of anti-rabies antibody response in horses following vaccination. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020125"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Boehringer-Ingelheim (2024, July 31). Rabisin\u00ae\/Raboral V-RG\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/www.boehringer-ingelheim.com\/animal-health\/products\/rabisinr\/raboral-v-rgr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"535","article-title":"A rapid reproducible test for determining rabies neutralizing antibody","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880500381X","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of specific ELISA and RFFIT antibody assays in the assessment of dog immunity against rabies","volume":"133","author":"Bahloul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00119-10","article-title":"Importance of antirabies revaccination for an adequate antirabies protection in bovine newborns","volume":"17","author":"Filho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2527\/tas2017.0065","article-title":"Responses of pregnant ewes and young lambs to ovalbumin immunization, antiovalbumin antibody transfer to lambs, and temporal changes in antiovalbumin antibody","volume":"1","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.1.111","article-title":"Effect of passive transfer status on preweaning growth performance in dairy lambs","volume":"229","author":"Massimini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/10\/502\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:41Z","timestamp":1760112761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/10\/502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci11100502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11100502","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]}}}