{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:39:08Z","timestamp":1785872348909,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ecuadorian Charolais Association (ECA, Ecuador)","award":["PR-01-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR-01-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective was to evaluate the evolution of the population structure, reproductive performance, inbreeding, and genetic diversity in Charolais cattle. Official genealogical information from the Ecuadorian Charolais Association was divided into five populations: (a) historical (total), (b) 2008\u20132012 (natural mating period), (c) 2013\u20132017 (natural mating + artificial insemination period), (d) 2018\u20132022 (artificial insemination + embryo transfer period), and (e) the reference (known sires and dams) from which the population structure was evaluated using pedigree completeness and the generation interval (GI). Meanwhile, for genetic diversity (GD), inbreeding (F), average relatedness (AR), and the effective population size (Ne) were estimated. The gene origin probability (number of founders, effective number of founders\/ancestors, and number of founder genomes) explaining genetic variability, reproductive efficiency, the number of offspring per sire and dam, and the average ages of parents at the birth of their offspring were determined. The database was analyzed using the ENDOG, POPREP, and CFC software programs. The results indicate that pedigree completeness and the GI decreased over time among populations, although the first generation showed higher values. The sire gametic pathway was greater in all populations. F increased over time, although not markedly. Although Ne variations were observed, the levels remained above the recommended limit value. The GD loss increased progressively over time although the most recent population was not significantly affected. Finally, the female reproductive efficiency increased over time as well. In conclusion, the Charolais cattle GI should be reduced. After 2012, the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and breeding schemes raised the GD loss. Finally, the F increased over time although it could be reduced using foreign genetic resources in the current Ecuadorian Charolais population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11110566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T08:06:32Z","timestamp":1731571592000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evolution of Population Structure, Reproductive Performance, Inbreeding, and Genetic Diversity in Ecuadorian Charolais Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis F.","family":"Cartuche-Macas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Biodiversidad \u201cPachamamata Kamak\u201d, Universidad Intercultural de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas (UINPIAW), Quito 170524, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin F.","family":"Lozada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Charolais del Ecuador (ACE), Macas 140101, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Reinoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), Latacunga 050150, Ecuador"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Animal, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n (UdeC), Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edilberto","family":"Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Posgrado, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), Latacunga 050150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-5151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gen\u00e9tica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba (UCO), 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0911-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Herreros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV), 2005-424 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"CIISA-AL4AnimalS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Diversidad Gen\u00e9tica y Estructura de La Poblaci\u00f3n de La Raza Charolais En Ecuador a Trav\u00e9s Del Pedigr\u00ed","volume":"72","author":"Lozada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. 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