{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:16:20Z","timestamp":1787030180233,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROPESQ\/PRPG\/UFPB","award":["314413\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314413\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"PROPESQ\/PRPG\/UFPB","award":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"]}]},{"name":"PROPESQ\/PRPG\/UFPB","award":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil)","award":["314413\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314413\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil)","award":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil)","award":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010747","name":"CONCYTEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314413\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314413\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010747","name":"CONCYTEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010747","name":"CONCYTEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica CONCYTEC and Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Estudios Avanzados PROCIENCIA","award":["314413\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314413\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica CONCYTEC and Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Estudios Avanzados PROCIENCIA","award":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501087383-2024 PROCIENCIA"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica CONCYTEC and Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Estudios Avanzados PROCIENCIA","award":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONTRATOPE501087383-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of esophagitis and ingluvitis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium in passerines seized from illegal wildlife trafficking is described. This illegal activity causes stress and leads to lowered immunity in the birds. Additionally, inadequate hygiene conditions predispose the birds to diseases such as salmonellosis. Few studies report the occurrence of Salmonella-induced lesions in the esophagus and crop of passerines; therefore, this study aimed to describe the disease in birds of the genus Sporophila, as well as to investigate the presence of the bacterium in the environment and determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolated bacteria. Three birds of the genus Sporophila were necropsied. In the esophagus and crop, yellowish plaques corresponding to necrosis with bacterial aggregates were observed. Salmonella spp. was isolated from these lesions, with genus confirmation via MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Environmental samples were collected from the enclosures and cages where the animals were quarantined, and the same bacterium was isolated. In two birds, the serotype S. Typhimurium was identified. Antibiograms performed on the strains from the birds and the environment revealed resistance to antibiotics in the classes of penicillins, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, monobactams, tetracyclines, and first and third-generation cephalosporins. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report of this agent causing death in Sporophila due to esophagitis and ingluvitis. It is also the first report of salmonellosis in three species of passerines in Brazil. The study underscores the importance of understanding the pathogens circulating in wild animals, especially within the context of One Health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11110582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1732017487000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Outbreak of Esophagitis and Ingluvitis Caused by Salmonella Typhimurium in Passeriform Birds of the Genus Sporophila Seized from Wildlife Trafficking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Karoline L.","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo B.","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewerton S.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millena de O.","family":"Firmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Productive Unit Coordination, Instituto Federal do Sert\u00e3o Pernambucano, Campus Floresta, Floresta 56400-000, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian R. C.","family":"Eloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Annes F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Science, Center for Rural Health and Technology, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Avenida Universit\u00e1ria, s\/n Bairro Santa Cec\u00edlia, Patos 58708-110, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica S.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle V.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Science, Center for Rural Health and Technology, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Avenida Universit\u00e1ria, s\/n Bairro Santa Cec\u00edlia, Patos 58708-110, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2801-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weslley Drayton Q.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Course, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur Cezar de C.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rodovia 12, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo M.","family":"Ramos-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Amazonas, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.02.009","article-title":"Wildlife sinks: Quantifying the impact of illegal bird trade in street markets in Brazil","volume":"149","author":"Regueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07358","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-7358","article-title":"Body condition, external morphology, parasitology, and histological and biometrical study of the gastro-intestinal tract of Sporophila nigricollis and Sporophila caerulescens seized from trafficking in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"439","article-title":"Aspectos cl\u00ednico-patol\u00f3gicos em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva, L. 1758) oriundos de apreens\u00f5es do tr\u00e1fico no estado da Para\u00edba, Brasil","volume":"38","author":"Siqueira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07428","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-7428","article-title":"Pathological Aspects of a Septicemic Salmonellosis Outbreak Caused by Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium in Captive Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva)","volume":"44","author":"Campos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63580-0","article-title":"Nomenclature and Taxonomy of the Genus Salmonella","volume":"55","author":"Tindall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Trabulsi, L.R., and Alterthum, F. (2015). Microbiologia, Editora Atheneu. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.07.004","article-title":"Supplement 2008\u20132010 (no. 48) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor Scheme","volume":"165","author":"Roggentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.10.002","article-title":"Supplement 2003\u20132007 (No. 47) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor Scheme","volume":"161","author":"Guibourdenche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"202","article-title":"Serological Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Broiler Carcasses and Human Stools in Beni-Suef, Egypt","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07194","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-7194","article-title":"Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Fecal Samples from Foals with and without Diarrhea in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo: Microbiological Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile, and Molecular Detection","volume":"43","author":"Braga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07088","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-7088","article-title":"An Outbreak of Fatal Pullorum Disease (Salmonella Pullorum) in Guinea Fowl Keets (Numida meleagris)","volume":"43","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Forsythe, S.J. (2013). Microbiologia Seguran\u00e7a Alimentos, Artmed. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, N.J., Hunter, D.B., and Atkinson, C.T. (2007). Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812465328","article-title":"Epidemic of Salmonellosis in Passerine Birds in Switzerland with Spillover to Domestic Cats","volume":"50","author":"Giovannini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C., Calva, E., and Maloy, S. (2014). One Health and Food-Borne Disease: Salmonella Transmission between Humans, Animals, and Plants. Microbiol. Spectr., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.OH-0020-2013"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1900074","article-title":"Linked Seasonal Outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium among Passerine Birds, Domestic Cats, and Humans, Sweden, 2009 to 2016","volume":"24","author":"Jernberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/j.saep.2004.01.008","article-title":"Salmonellosis in Wild Birds","volume":"13","author":"Tizard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Avian Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009522","article-title":"Epidemiology of Salmonella Typhimurium 0:4-12 Infection in Norway","volume":"147","author":"Kapperud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.1.64","article-title":"Epidemiologic and Pathologic Aspects of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Passerine Birds in Norway","volume":"39","author":"Refsump","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03214.x","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium in Cats and Humans Associated with Infection in Wild Birds","volume":"41","author":"Tauni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, L.A., Shopland, S., Wigley, P., Bradon, H., Leatherbarrow, A.H., Williams, N.J., Bennett, M., Pinna, E., Lawson, B., and Cunningham, A.A. (2008). Characterisation of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolates from Wild Birds in Northern England from 2005\u20132006. BMC Vet. Res., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-4"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0349-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Garden Birds in England and Wales, 1993 to 2003","volume":"7","author":"Lawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6728","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01660-16","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Wild Passerines in England and Wales","volume":"82","author":"Mather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-9.2.144","article-title":"Salmonellosis in Passerine Birds in Maryland and West Virginia","volume":"9","author":"Locke","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.585","article-title":"Avian Wildlife Mortality Events Due to Salmonellosis in the United States, 1985\u20132004","volume":"44","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01408-12","article-title":"Epidemiology of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain Associated with a Songbird Outbreak","volume":"78","author":"Hernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias, C.A.R., Pereira, I.A., Ara\u00fajo, M.S., Santos, A.F.M., Lopes, R.P., Christakis, S., Rodrigues, D.P., and Siciliano, S. (2016). Characteristics of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Birds Confiscated in Illegal Trade Markets, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3416864"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00178","article-title":"Multiple Epidemics in Austrian Fringillidae Caused by a Single Variant of Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"57","author":"Brunthaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"54","article-title":"Salmonellosis in Songbirds in the Canadian Atlantic Provinces During Winter-Summer 1997\u20131998","volume":"41","author":"Daoust","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2002.36306","article-title":"An Epidemic of Salmonellosis Caused by Salmonella Typhimurium DT160 in Wild Birds and Humans in New Zealand","volume":"50","author":"Alley","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2008.166","article-title":"Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Infection Causing Mortality in Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) in Hokkaido","volume":"61","author":"Une","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-12-321","article-title":"Mass Mortality of Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) from Salmonella Typhimurium DT40 in Japan, Winter 2008\u20132009","volume":"50","author":"Fukui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0107","article-title":"Salmonella spp. as a Cause of Mortality and Clinical Symptoms in Free-Living Garden Bird Species in Poland","volume":"17","author":"Krawiec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"CLSI (2023). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [33rd ed.]. CLSI Supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64646","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-6891v21e-64646","article-title":"Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolated from live birds at commercial resellers","volume":"21","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Anim. Bras."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657v73p1572006","article-title":"Resist\u00eancia antimicrobiana de cepas de Salmonella spp. isoladas de abatedouros de aves","volume":"73","author":"Cortez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq. Inst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00110-5","article-title":"Comparison of Standard and On-Plate Extraction Protocols for Identification of Mastitis-Causing Bacteria by MALDI-TOF MS","volume":"50","author":"Barcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salfinger, Y., and Tortorello, M.L. (2015). Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, APHA Press. [15th ed.].","DOI":"10.2105\/MBEF.0222"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Souza, R.D.M. (2015). Resist\u00eancia Antimicrobiana, Genes e Propriedades de Virul\u00eancia em cepas de Salmonella enterica Sorotipo Enteritidis Isoladas de fontes Animais, Alimento e de Doen\u00e7a Humana no Brasil. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00488.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous identification of Salmonella sp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium from environmental swabs of poultry houses","volume":"28","author":"Soumet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"341","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of emergent multiresistant Salmonella enterica serotype [4,5,12:i:\u2212] organisms causing human salmonellosis","volume":"190","author":"Guerra","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46257-0","article-title":"Detection of virulence determinants in clinical strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and mapping on macrorestriction profiles","volume":"55","author":"Soto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.03.007","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization of the chicken caecum requires the HilA regulatory protein","volume":"116","author":"Bohez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00871.x","article-title":"Contribution of SPI-4 genes to the virulence of Salmonella enterica","volume":"275","author":"Kiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microb. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00716-06","article-title":"The YfgL Lipoprotein is Essential for Type III Secretion System Expression and Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis","volume":"75","author":"Fardini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498","article-title":"Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important \u03b2-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"65","author":"Dallenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki190","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactamases among extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-resistant Salmonella from poultry, poultry products and human patients in The Netherlands","volume":"56","author":"Hasman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.21664\/2238-8869.2018v7i2.p324-346","article-title":"Birds Species Trafficked in Brazil: A Meta-Analysis with Emphasis on Threatened Species","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fronteiras"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Biswas, S., Paudyal, N., Pan, H., Li, X., Fang, W., and Yue, M. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates Recovered from the Food Chain through National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Between 1996 and 2016. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00985"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seribelli, A.A., Cruz, M.F., Vilela, F.P., Fraz\u00e3o, M.R., Paziani, M.H., Almeida, F., Medeiros, M.I.C., Rodrigues, D.P., Kress, M.R.Z., and Allard, M.W. (2020). Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Humans and Foods in Brazil. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237886"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, E.F., M\u00fcller, R., Todte, M., Taubert, A., and Hermosilla, C. (2023). Role of Free-Ranging Synanthropic Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) as Natural Host Reservoirs for Salmonella spp. in Germany. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213403"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, C., De Bene, A.F., Russini, V., Carfora, V., Alba, P., Cordaro, G., Senese, M., Terracciano, G., Fabbri, I., and Di Sirio, A. (2024). Detection of Salmonella Reservoirs in Birds of Prey Hosted in an Italian Wildlife Centre: Molecular and Antimicrobial Resistance Characterisation. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061169"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobuszewska, A., and Wysok, B. (2024). Pathogenic Bacteria in Free-Living Birds, and Its Public Health Significance. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060968"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beleza, A.J.F., Maciel, W.C., Lopes, E.S., Albuquerque, A.H., Carreira, A.S., Nogueira, C.H.G., Bandeira, J.M., Vasconcelos, R.H., and Teixeira, R.S.C. (2020). Evidence of the Role of Free-Living Birds as Disseminators of Salmonella spp.. Arq. Inst. Biol., 87.","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000462019"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"272","article-title":"Seasonal Movements and Conservation of Seedeaters of the Genus Sporophila in South America","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stud. Avian Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10073","article-title":"Domestic Cats and Their Impacts on Biodiversity: A Blind Spot in the Application of Nature Conservation Law","volume":"2","author":"Trouwborst","year":"2020","journal-title":"People Nat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.01.038","article-title":"Salmonella Biofilms: An Overview on Occurrence, Structure, Regulation and Eradication","volume":"45","author":"Steenackers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno, D.J., Rodr\u00edguez, F.I., Machado, L.C., Soria, M.A., Procura, F., G\u00f3mez, S.C., Hoffmann, T.M., Alcain, A., Caffer, M.I., and Latorre, J.D. (2024). Study of Salmonella spp. from Cage Papers Belonging to Pet Birds in an Argentinean Canary Breeder Championship. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081207"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.19142\/rpq.v7i14.202","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Sanit\u00e1ria do Setor de Quarentena do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Goi\u00e2nia (Goi\u00e1s)","volume":"7","author":"Morais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Process. Qu\u00edmicos"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, G., Qiu, J., Zheng, Y., Chang, L., Li, H., Xu, F., Zhang, W., Yin, L., Fu, H., and Yan, Q. (2023). Association between Phenotypes of Antimicrobial Resistance, ESBL Resistance Genes, and Virulence Genes of Salmonella Isolated from Chickens in Sichuan, China. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172770"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"45","article-title":"Virulence Range and New Pathological Pictures of Salmonella enteridits and Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Ducklings in Experimental Infected Chicks","volume":"8","author":"Sorour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.02.002","article-title":"Distribution of \u201cClassic\u201d Virulence Factors Among Salmonella spp.","volume":"44","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guiney, D.G., and Fierer, J. (2011). The role of the spv genes in Salmonella pathogenesis. Front. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00129"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Silva, N., Junqueira, V.C.A., Silveira, N.F.A., Taniwaki, M.H., Santos, R.F.S., and Gomes, R.A.R. (2010). Manual de M\u00e9todos de An\u00e1lise Microbiol\u00f3gica de Alimentos e \u00c1gua, Livraria Varela. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, E.J.E.D., Lopes, A.T.S., Fehlberg, H.F., Rocha, J.M., Brito J\u00fanior, P.D.A., Bernardes, F.C.S., Costa, T.D.S.O., Guilherme, E.A., Vleeschouwer, K.M.D., and Oliveira, L.D.C. (2024). Low Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Wild Animals in Bahia, Brazil\u2014Population Assessment and Characterization in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest Biomes. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010021"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pissetti, C., de Freitas Costa, E., Zenato, K.S., and de Itapema Cardoso, M.R. (2022). Critically Important Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from the Pork Production Chain in Brazil: A 16-Year Period. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080905"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott, P.F., Tyson, G.H., Kabera, C., Chen, Y., Li, C., Folster, J.P., Ayers, S.L., Lam, C., Tate, H.P., and Zhao, S. (2016). Whole-Genome Sequencing for Detecting Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01030-16"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-07","article-title":"Carbapenemases: The Versatile \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"20","author":"Queenan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2007.00095.x","article-title":"Penicillin-binding proteins and \u03b2-lactam resistance","volume":"32","author":"Zapun","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.836-839.2005","article-title":"Dissemination of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes (sul1, sul2, and sul3) in Portuguese Salmonella enterica Strains and Relation with Integrons","volume":"49","author":"Antunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Nascimento, E.R., Pereira, V.D.A., Berchieri Jr, A., Silva, E.N., Di F\u00e1bio, J., Sesti, L., and Zuanaze, M.A.F. (2009). Doen\u00e7as das Aves, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o APINCO de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Av\u00edcola. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/11\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:35:24Z","timestamp":1760114124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/11\/11\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci11110582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci11110582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]}}}