{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:33Z","timestamp":1760146833137,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2016YFD0501000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) as an oriental medicine has been used in the treatment of threatened abortion. Atractylenolide I (AT-I) is one of the major bioactive components of AMK. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AT-I on the secretion of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in feline ovarian granulosa cells (FOGCs), which is necessary for pregnancy. At first, the proliferation of FOGCs after AT-I treatment was measured by CCK-8. Then, the synthesis of E2 and P4 were measured by ELISA. Lastly, transcriptome sequencing was used to detect the DEGs in the FOGCs, and RNA-seq results were verified by RT-qPCR and biochemical verification. It was found that AT-I could promote proliferation and the secretion of E2 and P4 in FOGCs; after AT-I treatment, 137 significant DEGs were observed, out of which 49 were up-regulated and 88 down-regulated. The DEGs revealed significant enrichment of 52 GO terms throughout the differentiation process (p &lt; 0.05), as deciphered by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis manifested that the DEGs were successfully annotated as members of 155 pathways, with 23 significantly enriched (p &lt; 0.05). A relatively high number of genes were enriched for the cholesterol metabolism, ovarian steroidogenesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the contents of the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased by AT-I treatment in the cell culture supernatant. The results indicated that AT-I could increase the ability of FOGCs to secrete E2 and P4, which might be achieved by activation of cholesterol metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11120663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T10:54:02Z","timestamp":1734432842000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Transcriptome Approach Evaluating the Effects of Atractylenolide I on the Secretion of Estradiol and Progesterone in Feline Ovarian Granulosa Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0678-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuli","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinshan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.05.008","article-title":"Feline reproduction: Problems and clinical challenges","volume":"13","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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