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Fecal scores of piglets in ETEC group were significantly increased compared to control group. ETEC K88 significantly damages the small intestine, including a reduction in villus height in the jejunum, duodenum, and ileum, and a decrease in total superoxide dismutase activity in the jejunum and catalase activity in the ileum and jejunum. Compared to control group, ETEC K88 infection significantly elevated the mRNA level of gene IL-1\u03b2 and the level of ileal epithelial cell apoptosis. ZnO administration significantly alleviated these negative effects and improved the antioxidative capability of the ileum. Moreover, ZnO supplementation alleviated the imbalance of gut microbiota by restoring the reduced amount of Enterococcus and Lactobacillus in the jejunum, Clostridium in the ileum, and Lactobacillus in the cecum, as well as the increased amount of total eubacteria in the ileum and Enterococcus in the cecum induced by the ETEC K88 infection. In conclusion, ZnO administration can reduce the diarrhea of piglets infected with ETEC K88 by reducing the structural damage of the intestine, attenuating intestinal oxidative stress and epithelial cell apoptosis, and modulating the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:36:51Z","timestamp":1738557411000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Zinc Oxide Administration Relieves the Diarrhea of ETEC K88-Infected Piglets by Reducing Ileal Apoptosis and Maintaining Gut Microbial Balance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2785-9555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqing","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modina, S.C., Aidos, L., Rossi, R., Pocar, P., Corino, C., and Di Giancamillo, A. 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