{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:22:54Z","timestamp":1791915774672,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2023YFD1800902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1800902"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["IFR\u201306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFR\u201306"]}]},{"name":"the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["2023YFD1800902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1800902"]}]},{"name":"the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["IFR\u201306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFR\u201306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to elucidate the active ingredients, potential targets, and mechanisms of action of peppermint in treating bovine mastitis, this study utilized network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking to conduct an exploratory, prospective investigation. Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, all compounds and targets of peppermint were retrieved. After removing duplicates, a total of 133 compounds and 272 targets were obtained. Targets were then standardized to gene names using the UniProt database to construct a drug\u2013component-target network. A total of 183 disease targets related to bovine mastitis were retrieved from the GeneCards database. We obtained 28 cross targets of peppermint targets and bovine mastitis targets, and constructed a protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database. A visual network was built using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software, and seven core targets were analyzed and obtained. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Metascape database. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDockTools\u20131.5.6 software on some small\u2013molecule compounds and the seven targets to evaluate the stability of binding between peppermint and core targets. Apigenin, luteolin, and ursolic acid are the three main components in peppermint. Core targets (TNF, IL\u20136, STAT\u20133, IL\u20131\u03b2, FGF\u20132, IFNG, and ESR\u20131) were selected based on the PPI network. The enrichment analysis suggested that the major signaling pathways in network pharmacology may include AGEs\u2013RAGE, IL\u201317, NF\u2013\u03baB, TLRs, HIF\u20131, TGF\u2013\u03b2, PI3K\u2013Akt, and MAPK. The molecular docking results showed that one of the main components of mint, ursolic acid, exhibited good binding activity with all core targets of bovine mastitis. Other constituents also produced favorable binding with some core targets. This study elucidates the mechanisms of mint in treating bovine mastitis, providing data to support the potential development of new therapies for bovine mastitis using mint and its constituents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T07:44:59Z","timestamp":1738741499000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: Exploring the Mechanism of Peppermint in Mastitis Prevention and Treatment in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingchun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ECD\/FAO (2024, December 12). Agricultural Outlook 2022\u20132031. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/CA4076EN\/CA4076EN_Chapter7_Dairy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9791","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18269","article-title":"MILK Symposium review: Sustainability of dairy production and consumption in low\u2013income countries with emphasis on productivity and environmental impact","volume":"103","author":"Tricarico","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16841","article-title":"Influence of pathogens causing clinical mastitis on reproductive variables of dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Dalanezi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2022.141811","article-title":"Identification of bacterial species in milk by MALDI\u2013TOF and assessment of some oxidant\u2013antioxidant parameters in blood and milk from cows with different health status of the udder","volume":"25","author":"Ozbey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20955","article-title":"A survey of mastitis pathogens including antimicrobial susceptibility in southeastern Australian dairy herds","volume":"105","author":"Dyson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.11.006","article-title":"The cost of clinical mastitis in the first 30 days of lactation: An economic modeling tool","volume":"122","author":"Rollin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zigo, F., Farka\u0161ov\u00e1, Z., V\u00fdrostkov\u00e1, J., Regecov\u00e1, I., Ondra\u0161ovi\u010dov\u00e1, S., Vargov\u00e1, M., Sas\u00e1kov\u00e1, N., Pecka\u2013Kielb, E., Bursov\u00e1, \u0160., and Kiss, D.S. (2022). Dairy Cows\u2019 Udder Pathogens and Occurrence of Virulence Factors in Staphylococci. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040470"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.04.025","article-title":"Use of plant extracts and essential oils in the control of bovine mastitis","volume":"131","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.959","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial effect of essential oil and some herbal plant extract used against mastitis pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Arbab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Ren, S., Yang, H., Tang, S., Guo, C., Liu, M., Tao, Q., Ming, T., and Xu, H. (2022). Peppermint essential oil: Its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomed. Pharmacother., 154.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113559"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116718","article-title":"Mint leaves (Mentha arvensis) mediated CaO nanoparticles in dye degradation and their role in anti\u2013inflammatory, anti\u2013cancer properties","volume":"236","author":"Shanmuganathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.019","article-title":"Electro\u2013hydrodynamic assisted synthesis of lecithin\u2013stabilized peppermint oil\u2013loaded alginate microbeads for intestinal drug delivery","volume":"185","author":"Azad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valkov\u00e1, V., \u010e\u00faranov\u00e1, H., Galovi\u010dov\u00e1, L., Vukovic, N.L., Vukic, M., and Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M. (2021). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender, Mint, and Rosemary Essential Oils and the Effect of Their Vapours on Growth of Penicillium spp. in a Bread Model System. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133859"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.012","article-title":"Antispasmodic effect of Mentha piperita essential oil on tracheal smooth muscle of rats","volume":"130","author":"Soares","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916305","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/916305","article-title":"Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mentha spicata Essential Oil against Common Food\u2013Borne Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"2015","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786404245","article-title":"Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Bozin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2020.26","article-title":"Antioxidant and scolicidal activities of four Iranian Mentha species (Lamiaceae) in relation to phenolic element","volume":"26","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herbmed. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0217-9","article-title":"In vitro antiviral, anti\u2013inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Mentha piperita L.","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.07.010","article-title":"Evaluation of immunomodulatory activities of essential oils by high content analysis","volume":"303","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061478a","article-title":"Flavonoid content of, U.S. fruits, vegetables, and nuts","volume":"54","author":"Harnly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6781","article-title":"Naringenin, a flavanone with antiviral and anti\u2013inflammatory effects: A promising treatment strategy against COVID\u201319","volume":"34","author":"Tutunchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-017-0991-1","article-title":"Protective effect of acacetin on sepsis\u2013induced acute lung injury via its anti\u2013inflammatory and antioxidative activity","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01038-3","article-title":"Ursolic acid and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A new horizon and perspective","volume":"30","author":"Negm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557521666210913113522","article-title":"Advances in anti\u2013inflammatory Activity, Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Ursolic Acid","volume":"22","author":"Luan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.12.022","article-title":"Oleanolic acid","volume":"77","author":"Pollier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118619","article-title":"Chitosan\u2014Rosmarinic acid conjugates with antioxidant, anti\u2013inflammatory and photoprotective properties","volume":"273","author":"Aguilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111555","article-title":"anti\u2013oxidant and anti\u2013inflammatory effects of caffeic acid: In vivo evidences in a model of noise\u2013induced hearing loss","volume":"143","author":"Paciello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1009.2013.00110","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine network pharmacology: Theory, methodology and application","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0802-1","article-title":"A Novel Ileocolonic Release Peppermint Oil Capsule for Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Phase I Study in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"35","author":"Weerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1073","article-title":"The effect of peppermint oil on symptomatic treatment of pruritus in pregnant women","volume":"11","author":"Mojab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2020.03.018","article-title":"Effects of Peppermint Aromatherapy on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting","volume":"35","author":"Karsten","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. PeriAnesth. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829ae5c5","article-title":"Diet and functional abdominal pain in children and adolescents","volume":"57","author":"Felix","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"75","article-title":"Natural peppermint\u2013flavored cheese","volume":"18","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.60586","article-title":"In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics","volume":"2","author":"Kaur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hejna, M., Kovanda, L., Rossi, L., and Liu, Y. (2021). Mint Oils: In Vitro Ability to Perform anti\u2013Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities and to Enhance Intestinal Barrier Integrity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071004"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19521","article-title":"Short\u2013term screening of multiple phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and pH in cattle fed grain\u2013rich diets","volume":"104","author":"Ricci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19001081","article-title":"Effect of essential oils on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes assessed by egg hatch, larval migration and mortality testing","volume":"94","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1207188","article-title":"Health functionality of apigenin: A review","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2019.02.022","article-title":"Isolation, structural elucidation, and insights into the anti\u2013inflammatory effects of triterpene saponins from the leaves of Stauntonia hexaphylla","volume":"29","author":"Vinh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.092","article-title":"Mechanistic approach of the inhibitory effect of chrysin on inflammatory and apoptotic events implicated in radiation\u2013induced premature ovarian failure: Emphasis on TGF\u2013\u03b2\/MAPKs signaling pathway","volume":"109","author":"Mantawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03098.x","article-title":"Impact of luteolin on the production of alpha\u2013toxin by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"53","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28481","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16092","article-title":"Luteolin reduces inflammation in Staphylococcus aureus\u2013induced mastitis by inhibiting NF\u2013kB activation and MMPs expression","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"4675","article-title":"Ursolic acid alleviates inflammation and against diabetes\u2013induced nephropathy through TLR4\u2013mediated inflammatory pathway","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.12.009","article-title":"Modulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid","volume":"19","author":"Kurek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01077-z","article-title":"Emodin Attenuates Severe Acute Pancreatitis via Antioxidant and anti\u2013inflammatory Activity","volume":"42","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"535","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid on catabolism induced by IL\u20131\u03b2 in rat chondrocyte","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01490B","article-title":"Black rice anthocyanin\u2013rich extract and rosmarinic acid, alone and in combination, protect against DSS\u2013induced colitis in mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00565.x","article-title":"Effect of rosmarinic acid on atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0700-8","article-title":"anti\u2013inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinic Acid in Lipopolysaccharide\u2013Induced Mastitis in Mice","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105458","article-title":"Upregulated\u2013gene expression of pro\u2013inflammatory cytokines (TNF\u2013\u03b1, IL\u20131\u03b2 and IL\u20136) via TLRs following NF\u2013\u03baB and MAPKs in bovine mastitis","volume":"207","author":"Akhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnzon, C.F., Dahlberg, J., Gustafson, A.M., Waern, I., Moazzami, A.A., \u00d6stensson, K., and Pejler, G. (2018). The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide\u2013Induced Experimental Bovine Mastitis on Clinical Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, and the Metabolome: A Kinetic Approach. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01487"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Guo, W., Jia, Y., Ye, B., Liu, S., Fu, S., Liu, J., and Hu, G. (2021). Menthol Targeting AMPK Alleviates the Inflammatory Response of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells and Restores the Synthesis of Milk Fat and Milk Protein. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.782989"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"7142","article-title":"Oral supplementation with ursolic acid ameliorates sepsis\u2013induced acute kidney injury in a mouse model by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.03.010","article-title":"Ursolic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide\u2013induced cognitive deficits in mouse brain through suppressing p38\/NF\u2013\u03baB mediated inflammatory pathways","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.05.001","article-title":"STAT3 signaling in immunity","volume":"31","author":"Hillmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12633","article-title":"Molecular cross\u2013talk of IL\u20136 in tumors and new progress in combined therapy","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.74304","article-title":"P2RY13 Exacerbates Intestinal Inflammation by Damaging the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier via Activating IL\u20136\/STAT3 Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106025","article-title":"Sinomenine hydrochloride inhibits the progression of plasma cell mastitis by regulating IL\u20136\/JAK2\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"7","article-title":"FGF2 is overexpressed in asthma and promotes airway inflammation through the FGFR\/MAPK\/NF\u2013\u03baB pathway in airway epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76146-0","article-title":"Mastitis increases growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine mammary glands","volume":"80","author":"Sheffield","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-7","article-title":"IFN\u2013gamma signaling in the central nervous system controls the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independently of the localization and composition of inflammatory foci","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9614-0","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and T Lymphocytes: An Entangled Story","volume":"10","author":"Legroux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.081701.141316","article-title":"T cell response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE): Role of self and cross\u2013reactive antigens in shaping, tuning, and regulating the autopathogenic T cell repertoire","volume":"20","author":"Kuchroo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitenberga-Verza, Z., Pilmane, M., \u0160erst\u0146ova, K., Melderis, I., Gontar, \u0141., Kocha\u0144ski, M., Drutowska, A., Mar\u00f3ti, G., and Prieto\u2013Sim\u00f3n, B. (2022). Identification of Inflammatory and Regulatory Cytokines IL\u20131\u03b1\u2013, IL\u20134\u2013, IL\u20136\u2013, IL\u201312\u2013, IL\u201313\u2013, IL\u201317A\u2013, TNF\u2013\u03b1\u2013, and IFN\u2013\u03b3\u2013Producing Cells in the Milk of Dairy Cows with Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030372"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01288-9","article-title":"IFN\u2013\u03b3 Activates the TLR4\u2013CCL5 Signaling Through Reducing Arginine Level, Leading to Enhanced Susceptibility of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22757","article-title":"Gene co\u2013expression in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection reveals networks of genes with specific functions during bovine subclinical mastitis","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00407.x","article-title":"The dual role of interferon\u2013gamma in experimental Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia versus arthritis","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00968-15","article-title":"Role of Interleukin\u201312 in Protection against Pulmonary Infection with Methicillin\u2013Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"59","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A1215-565RR","article-title":"IFN\u2013\u03b3 targets macrophage\u2013mediated immune responses toward Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"101","author":"Nauseef","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107282","article-title":"Activation and modulation of the AGEs\u2013RAGE axis: Implications for inflammatory pathologies and therapeutic interventions\u2014A review","volume":"206","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.01.003","article-title":"Innate IL\u201317 and IL\u201322 responses to enteric bacterial pathogens","volume":"33","author":"Rubino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20202191","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202191","article-title":"The metabolism\u2013modulating activity of IL\u201317 signaling in health and disease","volume":"218","author":"Bechara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.06.019","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis of Canadian Holstein cows","volume":"120","author":"Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.11.016","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy goats","volume":"135","author":"Pisoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07613","article-title":"Casein kinase 1alpha governs antigen\u2013receptor\u2013induced NF\u2013kappaB activation and human lymphoma cell survival","volume":"458","author":"Ngo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132641","article-title":"Regulation and function of NF\u2013kappaB transcription factors in the immune system","volume":"27","author":"Vallabhapurapu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73710-2","article-title":"Increased nuclear factor kappaB activity in milk cells of mastitis\u2013affected cows","volume":"86","author":"Boulanger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72617-6","article-title":"Prolactin\u2013induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB in bovine mammary epithelial cells: Role in chronic mastitis","volume":"90","author":"Boutet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, L., Sun, H., Zhao, Y., Feng, L., Wu, K., Shang, S., Xu, J., Shan, R., Duan, S., and Qiu, M. (2023). Hexadecanamide alleviates Staphylococcus aureus\u2013induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting inflammatory responses and restoring blood\u2013milk barrier integrity. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011764"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106393","article-title":"Esculetin improves murine mastitis induced by streptococcus isolated from bovine mammary glands by inhibiting NF\u2013\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"185","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Jin, G., Liu, W., Dou, M., Wang, X., Shi, W., and Bao, Y. (2022). Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus\u2013induced mastitis in rats by inhibiting activation of the NF\u2013\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03312-6"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109377","article-title":"\u03b2\u2013carotene alleviates LPS\u2013induced inflammation through regulating STIM1\/ORAI1 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"113 Pt A","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"6505373","article-title":"UFL1 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide\u2013Induced Cell Damage and Inflammation via Regulation of the TLR4\/NF\u2013\u03baB Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2016.0058","article-title":"IFN\u2013\u03c4 Plays an anti\u2013Inflammatory Role in Staphylococcus aureus\u2013Induced Endometritis in Mice Through the Suppression of NF\u2013\u03baB Pathway and MMP9 Expression","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Liu, Y., Lin, C., Yan, R., Li, Z., Chen, Q., Zhang, H., Xu, H., Chen, X., and Chen, Y. (2022). Regularity of Toll\u2013Like Receptors in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Induced by Mycoplasma bovis. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.846700"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13325","article-title":"Prospects of toll\u2013like receptors in dairy cattle breeding","volume":"54","author":"Vlahek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2007.06.019","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis BCG Toll\u2013like receptors 2 and 4 cooperation increases the innate epithelial immune response","volume":"39","author":"Belmont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03909A","article-title":"Reduction of ROS\u2013HIF1\u03b1\u2013driven glycolysis by taurine alleviates Streptococcus uberis infection","volume":"13","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000480321","article-title":"TGF\u2013\u03b21 Induces EMT in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Through the TGF\u03b21\/Smad Signaling Pathway","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-020-9182-8","article-title":"Autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell induced by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"58","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manosalva, C., Quiroga, J., Teuber, S., C\u00e1rdenas, S., Carretta, M.D., Mor\u00e1n, G.G., Alarc\u00f3n, P., Hidalgo, M.A., and Burgos, R.A. (2020). D\u2013Lactate Increases Cytokine Production in Bovine Fibroblast\u2013Like Synoviocytes via MCT1 Uptake and the MAPK, PI3K\/Akt, and NF\u03baB Pathways. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112105"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01122-0","article-title":"DAD3 targets ACE2 to inhibit the MAPK and NF\u2013\u03baB signalling pathways and protect against LPS\u2013induced inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/2\/129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:27:15Z","timestamp":1760027235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/2\/129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12020129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12020129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]}}}