{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:52:52Z","timestamp":1760057572854,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of the function of the right ventricle (RV) is a topic of great interest in the scientific community, and some studies have evaluated parameters of the right ventricular systolic function and have correlated them to various RV pathologies and possible clinical findings. Less information was obtained on the right ventricular diastolic function. In veterinary medicine, the characteristics of the restrictive RV and the presence of end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) in patients with pulmonary stenosis have not yet been described. This type of flow is an antegrade flow that is observed with the Doppler study of the pulmonary artery and occurs at the end of the diastolic phase. Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases in dogs. The echocardiographic parameter that is mainly taken as a reference for evaluating the severity of the disease is the peak gradient of the pulmonary antegrade flow. For our retrospective study, we consider a total of 164 dogs with PVS divided into 149 dogs with type A and 15 type B, seen at a reference veterinary clinic from 2020 to 2024. All these dogs underwent echocardiographic examinations to observe the morphological characteristics of the PVS and consider the presence or absence of restrictive RV with EDFF. An independent sample t-test analysis revealed that the severity of PVS is greater in dogs with EDFF, both in the group of patients with type A stenosis and in patients with type B stenosis. This study suggests that RV restrictive physiology is common in dogs with severe PVS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:34:32Z","timestamp":1739252072000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Evaluation of End-Diastolic Forward Flow and Restrictive Physiology in One Hundred and Sixty-Four Dogs with Pulmonary Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Boz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesara Sofia","family":"Pergamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio Maria","family":"Bussadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats","volume":"17","author":"Schrope","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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