{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:42:07Z","timestamp":1779885727398,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"111 Project","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["SJXC23_2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJXC23_2020"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["SJXC23_2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJXC23_2020"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Yangzhou University)","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Yangzhou University)","award":["SJXC23_2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJXC23_2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the infection rates of intestinal parasites in captive wild animals from 2000 to 2024 and analyzed the associated risk factors using a meta-analysis. We retrieved 29 studies, with a total of 8421 captive wild mammals, published between 2000 and 2024. We used the DerSimonian-Laird model and calculated infection rate estimates with the variance stabilizing double arcsine transformation. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in captive wild mammals in mainland China was found to be 53.9%. The highest infection rate was observed for nematodes at 45.1%. Seasonal subgroup analysis revealed the highest incidence in summer at 61.8% and 61.6% in winter. In the class order Mammalia, the highest infection rate was found in the Primates at 66.5% and similarly high values were determined in several other orders like Artiodactyla (59%), Rodentia (57.1%), Carnivora (53.3%) and extremely low in Proboscidea (19.9%). The highest overall infection rate was recorded in summer. The infection rate of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild mammals in mainland China is notably high. Additionally, parasitic infection rates in captive animals were found to be lower in economically developed regions of mainland China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:41:12Z","timestamp":1739860872000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Occurrence and Meta-Analysis of Investigations on Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Captive Wild Mammals in Mainland China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xueping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, New York, NY 11355, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tangjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.080","article-title":"Integrating and updating wildlife conservation in China","volume":"30","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.01.039","article-title":"Disappearance of endangered turtles within China\u2019s nature reserves","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9358-8","article-title":"Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711842115","article-title":"The biomass distribution on Earth","volume":"115","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00018","article-title":"Joining the dots\u2014Understanding the complex interplay between the values we place on wildlife, biodiversity conservation, human and animal health: A review","volume":"157","author":"Pewsner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.01.015","article-title":"Parasites of the superorganism: Are they indicators of ecosystem health?","volume":"35","author":"Marcogliese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.007","article-title":"Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites","volume":"138","author":"Maizels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Yuan, Y.T., Zhang, S.S., Guo, C., Li, X.L., Li, G.Y., Xiong, W., and Zeng, Z.Y. (2020). Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00575"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022001160","article-title":"Parasites and the neuroendocrine control of fish intestinal function: An ancient struggle between pathogens and host","volume":"149","author":"Bosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.651","article-title":"Gastro-intestinal parasites of sympatric red panda and livestock in protected areas of Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Vogel, G. (2013). Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife and Species Conservation. Microbiol. Spectr., 1.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.OH-0004-2012"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"404","article-title":"Untersuchungen auf Antik\u00f6rper egen Zoonoseerreger bei Angestellten des Wiener Tiergartens Sch\u00f6nbrunn [Screening for antibodies against zoonotic agents among employees of the Zoological Garden of Vienna, Sch\u00f6nbrunn, Austria]","volume":"117","author":"Prosl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"61","article-title":"A case of raccoon fungal infection in a fur animal farm worker","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Anim. Husb. Vet Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"72","article-title":"Investigation and Analysis on the Infection Status of Leptospira in Export Pig Farms in Fuqing City","volume":"02","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Front. Health Quar."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"873","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"89","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71","article-title":"The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence","volume":"3","author":"Munn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1970-6","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-39","article-title":"Metaprop: A Stata command to perform meta-analysis of binomial data","volume":"72","author":"Nyaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Hong, X., and Zhang, T. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Mainland China between 2008 and 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081220"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.178","article-title":"Arcsine-based transformations for meta-analysis of proportions: Pros, cons, and alternatives","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201800071","article-title":"When should meta-analysis avoid making hidden normality assumptions?","volume":"60","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in me-ta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15987","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015987","article-title":"The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: Practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Dang, H.L. (2008). Epidemiology Investigation on Intestinal Parasites and Biological Characterization of Cryptosporidium Isolates from Some Wild Animals. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Henan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"172","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of intestinal parasitic infections and treatment effects in herbivorous animals in zoos","volume":"36","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"63","article-title":"Observation on Intestinal Parasitic Morphology and Infectionin Captive Rare Wildlife in Shaanxi Province","volume":"44","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"75","article-title":"Investigation on Intestinal Parasites of Squirrels in Zhengzhou Zoo and Identification of Coccidia Species","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Anim. Sci. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Lv, X.H. (2010). Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Morphology Observation of Rare Wild Animals. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwest University]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Li, B. (2010). Study on Gastrointestinal Parasites and Escherichia coil in Non-Human Primates of Some Zoological Gardens in China. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Sichuan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"88","article-title":"An Investigation of Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Ornamental Carnivorous Animals Raised in Scatters and in Sites","volume":"28","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Jinling Inst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"154","article-title":"Survey on the Infection Status of Intestinal Parasites in Captive Wild-animals","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Henan Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"188","article-title":"Investigation on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Wild Animal Zoo","volume":"38","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"82","article-title":"Investigation on Parasitic Infection in Digestive System of Mammals in a Wildlife Park in Anhui Province","volume":"44","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chen, X.L. (2013). Investigation of Intestinal Parasitic Infection of Captive Mammals in the Fuzhou Zoo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University]."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"164","article-title":"Discussion on Intestinal Parasite Infection of Ex-situ Wild Animals","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Sci. Technol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"813","article-title":"Preliminary report on the intestinal parasites and their diversity in captive Chinese alligators","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"27","article-title":"Investigation of parasitic infections in the digestive tract of wild animals in zoos","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"200","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parasitosis in Captive Primates and Effectiveness Evaluation","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Wildl."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"28","article-title":"Investigation on the intestinal parasite infection in 21 species of animals in the wildlife park in Tangshan city","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Yu, F.C. (2017). Epidemiologic Study and Zoonotic Risk Analyze of Three Intestinal Parasitic Protozoa in Captive Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxcllanae) in China and Chindren Hospitalized in Zhengzhou. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Henan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.12.003","article-title":"An investigation of parasitic infections and review of molecular characterization of the intestinal protozoa in nonhuman primates in China from 2009 to 2015","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"Investigation on Intestinal Parasite Infection in Wild Animals","volume":"08","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Breed. Feed"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.Y. (2019). Investigation on Parasite Infection of Wild Animals in Guiyang Forest Wildlife Park. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Guizhou University]."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"110","article-title":"A Survey of Parasitic Infection in Changsha Ecological Zoo","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Anim."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"71","article-title":"Investigating the prevalence of intestinal parasites in wildlife in Beijing zoo","volume":"11","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. J. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"25","article-title":"Investigation of Intestinal Parasites Infection in Non-human Primates in a Zoo","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anhui Sci. Technol. Univ."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.Y. (2021). Investigation on Intestinal Parasitic Infection of Artificially Reared Amur Tigers and Observation on Insecticidal Effect. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northeast Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Zheng, S., Wang, Y., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Gazizova, A., Han, K., Yu, F., Chen, Y., and Zhang, L. (2021). Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. in captive wild animals in zoos in Henan, China. BMC. Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03035-0"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Mi, R., Yang, L., Gong, H., Xu, C., Feng, Y., Chen, X., Huang, Y., Han, X., and Chen, Z. (2021). Wildlife Is a Potential Source of Human Infections of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Southeastern China. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.692837"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"145","article-title":"Investigation of intestinal parasitic infections in captive wild animals in some areas of Henan Province","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, T.S., Zheng, W.L., Guo, L.T., Sun, Y.L., Li, J.X., and Kang, M. (2023). First description of Blastocystis sp. and Entamoeba sp. infecting zoo animals in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau area, China. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1212617"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"48","article-title":"Investigation on Intestinal Parasite Infection of Animals in Zoos","volume":"60","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00145-6","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Parasites in Captive Animals at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo","volume":"65","author":"Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1093","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in wild mammals of a safari park and a zoo in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Ferdous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"207","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and respiratory parasites in captive mammals at Rabat zoo, with the first record of Capillaria spp. in the Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)","volume":"59","author":"Taki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2017.013","article-title":"An eight-year survey of the intestinal parasites of carnivores, hoofed mammals, primates, ratites and reptiles in the Ljubljana zoo in Slovenia","volume":"64","author":"Kvapil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.540-543","article-title":"Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild animals in Bir Moti Bagh mini zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab","volume":"9","author":"Mir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160100100033","article-title":"Veterinary Medicine and Human Health","volume":"208","author":"Fite","year":"1969","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07221-9","article-title":"Zoonotic parasites: The One Health challenge","volume":"120","author":"Otranto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, July 20). WHO Health Topic Page: Zoonoses. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/zoonoses\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2006357","article-title":"Climate disruption and parasite-host dynamics: Patterns and processes associated with warming and the frequency of extreme climatic events","volume":"80","author":"Hudson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.03.012","article-title":"Climate change and parasitic disease: Farmer mitigation?","volume":"25","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.035","article-title":"Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep","volume":"142","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.028","article-title":"Climate and the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in Europe","volume":"189","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation and Study on the Infection of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Ili Horses of Different Seasons and Age Groups in Zhaosu County, Xinjiang","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Husb. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"106","article-title":"Investigation on the Morphology and Infection Situation of Intestinal Parasites in the Wild Giant Pandas","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Econ. Anim."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oswaldo, C.V., Ali, A., Catherine, A.L., Sadie, J.R., and Leah, R.J. (2024). Influence of environmental, geographic, socio-demographic, and epidemiological factors on presence of malaria at the community level in two continents. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67452-5"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00611-2","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium in primates and herbivores at the Barcelona zoo: A long-term study","volume":"104","author":"Gracenea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.05.007","article-title":"Disease transmission in an extreme environment: Nematode parasites infect reindeer during the Arctic winter","volume":"42","author":"Carlsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0361-3","article-title":"Zoonotic and vector-borne parasites and epilepsy in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Cai, L. (2023). Research on Zoo Habitat Construction and Development of Local Exhibition Area in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing Tech University]."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"100","article-title":"Comparison of the Zoo Public Education between China and Abroad","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sichuan J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2022040","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in non-human primates in zoological institutions in France","volume":"29","author":"Vonfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.015","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia","volume":"157","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deusch, S., Camarinha-Silva, A., Conrad, J., Beifuss, U., Rodehutscord, M., and Seifert, J. (2017). A Structural and Functional Elucidation of the Rumen Microbiome Influenced by Various Diets and Microenvironments. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01605"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2416","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Khon Kaen Zoo","volume":"16","author":"Sangpeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, S.B., Sarah, G.H.S., Idzi, P., Blaine, A.M., John, F., Abhishek, M., Harsha, S., Francesca, T., Marc, R.C., and Peter, C. (2022). Where Have All the Diagnostic Morphological Parasitologists Gone?. J. Clin. Microbiol., 60.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00986-22"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"173","article-title":"Traditional and innovative diagnostic tools: When and why they should be applied","volume":"46","author":"Cancrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parassitologia"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/2\/182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:36:54Z","timestamp":1760027814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/2\/182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12020182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12020182","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}}}