{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:24:50Z","timestamp":1793201090147,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early lactation phase in dairy cows is characterised by significant metabolic and inflammatory changes. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), a marker of negative energy balance (NEB), and serum amyloid A (SAA), an indicator of systemic inflammation. Blood samples were collected from 71 Holstein cows during the transition period 17 (\u00b13) DIM, and serum concentrations of NEFAs and SAA were measured. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between NEFAs and SAA (r = \u22120.441, p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that increased fat mobilisation may suppress the inflammatory response, thereby increasing the susceptibility to metabolic and infectious diseases. The emerging research indicates a negative association between SAA levels and milk fat-to-protein ratio in dairy cows, particularly under inflammatory conditions. The research indicates that elevated levels of SAA, which is an inflammatory biomarker, are frequently associated with alterations in milk composition, including a reduced fat-to-protein ratio. This study examined the correlations among serum NEFAs, SAA, milk composition, and dairy cattle health. A strong positive correlation was identified between serum NEFAs and milk fat content (r = 0.459, p &lt; 0.001), as well as between serum NEFAs and the milk fat-to-protein ratio (r = 0.516, p &lt; 0.001). Cows with elevated serum NEFA levels (classified as II-NEFA) exhibited significantly higher milk fat content (4.20%) and milk fat-to-protein ratios (1.33) compared to cows with lower serum NEFA levels (I-NEFA class; 3.81% and 1.17, respectively). The data indicate that elevated serum NEFA levels are associated with an increased milk fat synthesis, likely driven by enhanced fat mobilisation during NEB. A significant negative correlation was observed between SAA and both milk fat content (r = \u22120.426, p &lt; 0.001) and the milk fat-to-protein ratio (r = \u22120.535, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that inflammation may impair milk fat production. Elevated SAA levels were also associated with increased cow activity (r = 0.382, p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that inflammation may lead to behavioural changes driven by discomfort. Our findings suggest that milk composition reflects the metabolic and inflammatory status of dairy cows and could serve as a non-invasive alternative to blood sampling for assessing energy balance and health. NEB, which typifies early lactation, promotes fat mobilisation, resulting in elevated serum NEFA levels and an increased risk of metabolic disorders such as fatty liver syndrome and ketosis. Moreover, high serum NEFA levels adversely affect immune function, increasing vulnerability to infections such as mastitis. Monitoring milk composition may enable the early detection of NEB and inflammatory conditions, thereby supporting proactive health management. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the role of NEFAs and inflammation in the development of metabolic diseases in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1739954206000},"page":"187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relationships Among In-Line Milk Fat-to-Protein Ratio, Metabolic Profile, and Inflammatory Biomarkers During Early Stage of Lactation in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5343-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"D\u017eermeikait\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0462-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justina","family":"Kri\u0161tolaityt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neringa","family":"Sutkevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toma","family":"Vilkonien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gintar\u0117","family":"Vai\u010diulien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audron\u0117","family":"Reke\u0161i\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akvil\u0117","family":"Girdauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8301-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta","family":"Arlauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1rp\u00e1d Csaba","family":"Bajcsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u016bnas","family":"Antanaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuania University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.04.001","article-title":"Metabolic Profile and Productivity of Dairy Holstein Cows Milked by a Pasture-Based Automatic Milking System during Early Lactation: Effects of Cow Temperament and Parity","volume":"147","author":"Banchero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. 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