{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:37:10Z","timestamp":1791819430904,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In veterinary medicine, mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs and the third most frequent in cats, representing a significant challenge. Efforts have been directed toward adopting standardized diagnostic criteria to better understand tumor behavior and progression in these species. Meanwhile, the use of animal models has substantially advanced the understanding of comparative mammary carcinogenesis. These models provide critical insights into factors responsible for the disease in humans, with the expectation that such factors can be identified and controlled. In this context, this review presents a work based mainly on articles published by a research group specializing in mammary pathology (Laboratory of Comparative Pathology\u2013Department of General Pathology\u2013ICB\/UFMG) and its collaborators, complementing their results with literature findings. The publications were categorized into animal research, experimental research, and human research. These studies addressed topics such as diagnosis, prognostic and predictive factors, tumor microenvironment, inflammation associated with tumors, treatment approaches, and factors influencing tumor growth. The conceptual network analysis underscores the importance of in vivo breast cancer models, both experimental and spontaneous, for understanding tumor progression mechanisms and therapeutic responses, offering valuable contributions to veterinary and human oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T11:49:27Z","timestamp":1739965767000},"page":"189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Canine, Feline, and Murine Mammary Tumors as a Model for Translational Research in Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5650-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovanni Dantas","family":"Cassali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Yumi Ribeiro","family":"Nakagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Possa","family":"dos Reys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Andr\u00e9 Nino","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Bonolo","family":"de Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica Cavalheiro Bertagnolli","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Veterin\u00e1rias Desid\u00e9rio Finamor, Eldorado do Sul 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Carlos","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2087-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine Araujo","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9879-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Estrela-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.028274","article-title":"In vivo models in breast cancer research: Progress, challenges and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Holen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr723","article-title":"Models of breast cancer: Quo vadis, animal modeling?","volume":"6","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140231","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0231","article-title":"Comparative oncology: What dogs and other species can teach us about humans with cancer","volume":"370","author":"Schiffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2273","article-title":"Translation of new cancer treatments from pet dogs to humans","volume":"8","author":"Paoloni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-00977-3","article-title":"Comparative oncology: Overcoming human cancer through companion animal studies","volume":"55","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12996","article-title":"Molecular and Pathobiology of Canine Mammary Tumour: Defining a Translational Model for Human Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Amorim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4048\/jbc.2023.26.e4","article-title":"Canine as a comparative and translational model for human mammary tumor","volume":"26","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8195","article-title":"Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease","volume":"15","author":"Abdelmegeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cats, cancer and comparative oncology","volume":"2","author":"Cannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17458-0","article-title":"Cross-species oncogenic signatures of breast cancer in canine mammary tumors","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinard, C.J., Antonescu, C., Griffey, C., McNeal, M., and Gill, H. (2022). Comparative evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in companion animals: Immuno-oncology as a relevant translational model for cancer therapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14205008"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adega, F., Borges, A., and Chaves, R. (2016). Cat mammary tumors: Genetic models for the human counterpart. Vet. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci3030017"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029905001263","article-title":"Feline mammary tumours in comparative oncology","volume":"72","author":"Zappulli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, F.R., Moreira, I.S., Dariva, A.A., Nakagaki, K.Y.R., Abreu, C.C., Balabram, D., and Cassali, G.D. (2024). Epidemiologic and Clinicopathological Characterization of Feline Mammary Lesions. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11110549"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197008)26:2<419::AID-CNCR2820260225>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Comparison of age, sex, and incidence rates in human and canine breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Schneider","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-10217","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and pathological evaluation of overall survival in canines with mammary neoplasms","volume":"70","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"225","article-title":"Animal model of human disease: Canine mammary neoplasia","volume":"75","author":"Strandberg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20184609","article-title":"Benign and malignant lesions of the breast: Clinico-pathological perspective from a government teaching hospital in West Bengal, India","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"138","article-title":"Frequency of benign and malignant breast lesions: A histopathological analysis","volume":"8","author":"Usman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Isra Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cassali, G.D. (2023). Perspectivas futuras do tratamento do c\u00e2ncer de mama. Patologia Mam\u00e1ria Canina e Felina: Do Diagn\u00f3stico ao Tratamento, MedVet. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2019). Breast Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"331","article-title":"Canine neoplasia: A prototype for human cancer study","volume":"29","author":"Prier","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, E., Gobbi, H., Saraiva, B.S., and Cassali, G.D. (2010). Columnar cell lesions of the canine mammary gland: Pathological features and immunophenotypic analysis. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-61"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810396105","article-title":"Histological and immunohistochemical identification of atypical ductal mammary hyperplasia as a preneoplastic marker in dogs","volume":"49","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5664","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29080447","article-title":"Are columnar cell lesions the earliest non-obligate precursor in the low-grade breast neoplasia pathway?","volume":"29","author":"Strickland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0099-2","article-title":"Role of columnar cell lesions in breast carcinogenesis: Analysis of chromosome 16 copy number changes by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification","volume":"31","author":"Boer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Path."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-6-601","article-title":"Secretory carcinoma of the canine mammary gland","volume":"36","author":"Cassali","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352002000600006","article-title":"Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the canine mammary gland: Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features","volume":"54","author":"Cassali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-6-842","article-title":"Mammary invasive micropapillary carcinoma in cats: Clinicopathologic features and nuclear DNA content","volume":"44","author":"Seixas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v8i3.3","article-title":"Comparative histopathology and immunohistochemistry of human and canine mammary tumors","volume":"8","author":"Abdu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.08.015","article-title":"Canine invasive lobular carcinoma of the mammary gland: Morphological and immunohistochemical characterizations of three cases","volume":"144","author":"Ressel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.04.012","article-title":"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the mammary gland in humans and canines: Clinicopathological, immunophenotypical, and survival approaches","volume":"115","author":"Gamba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2859","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of the most prevalent sites and types of canine neoplasia observed in a veterinary hospital","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v17i3p152-163","article-title":"Consensus on the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of canine and feline mammary tumors: Solid arrangement\u20142023","volume":"17","author":"Cassali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2022.v12.i4.12","article-title":"Secretory carcinoma of the canine mammary gland with nodal and bone metastases: Case report","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221510012465X","article-title":"Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"107","author":"Atula","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"446","article-title":"Secretory breast carcinoma in a man diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy","volume":"38","author":"Golouh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-10372","article-title":"First description of basaloid carcinoma of the canine mammary gland: Case report","volume":"71","author":"Nakagaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-6-739","article-title":"Spontaneous basaloid adenomas of the mammary gland in four dogs: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features","volume":"39","author":"Reymundo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/59.3.933","article-title":"Basaloid adenomas of the mammary gland in beagle dogs administered investigational contraceptive steroids","volume":"59","author":"Kwapien","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagaki, K.Y.R., Nunes, M.M., Garcia, A.P.V., De Brot, M., and Cassali, G.D. (2021). Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the canine mammary gland: Histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.621714"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810393258","article-title":"Classification and grading of canine mammary tumours","volume":"48","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v10i3p87-99","article-title":"Consensus regarding the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of canine mammary tumors: Benign mixed tumors, carcinomas in mixed tumors, and carcinosarcomas","volume":"10","author":"Cassali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"111","article-title":"Tumours and dysplasias of the mammary gland","volume":"50","author":"Hampe","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Barnes, L., Eveson, J.W., Reichart, P., and Sidransky, D. (2005). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours, IARC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"289","article-title":"Canine Mammary Tumors","volume":"7","author":"Moulton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Vet. Path."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000181654.68120.0f","article-title":"Carcinoma ex benign pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland","volume":"116","author":"Nouraei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genelhu, M.C., Cardoso, S.V., Gobbi, H., and Cassali, G.D. (2007). A comparative study between mixed-type tumours from human salivary and canine mammary glands. BMC Cancer, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-218"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2011005000225","article-title":"Effect of Arrabidaea chica extracts on the Ehrlich solid tumor development","volume":"22","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"56","article-title":"Fatores progn\u00f3sticos no diagn\u00f3stico cl\u00ednico e histopatol\u00f3gico dos tumores de mama em cadelas: Revis\u00e3o","volume":"61","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Cl\u00ednica Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817698208","article-title":"Prognostic significance of canine mammary tumor histologic subtypes: An observational cohort study of 229 cases","volume":"54","author":"Rasotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2018.09.003","article-title":"Mixed tumors of the canine mammary glands: Evaluation of prognostic factors, treatment, and overall survival","volume":"7","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-12640","article-title":"Clinical presentation, histological findings, and prognosis in female dogs with mixed mammary neoplasms","volume":"75","author":"Rauber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i3p555-574","article-title":"Consensus regarding the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary tumors-2019","volume":"13","author":"Cassali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJVP"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1026-UPFTEO","article-title":"Updated protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the breast: A basis for checklists","volume":"124","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2005.08.012","article-title":"Prognostic\/predictive factors in breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Masood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15610367","article-title":"Evaluation of prognostic factors and survival rates in malignant feline mammary gland neoplasms","volume":"18","author":"Damasceno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(99)00034-7","article-title":"Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Elston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-12273","article-title":"The prognostic significance of immunophenotypes in canine malignant mammary tumors","volume":"74","author":"Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Tarighati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ukasiewicz, S., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Baj, J., Sitarz, R., and Stanis\u0142awek, A. (2021). Breast cancer\u2014Epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic markers, and current treatment strategies\u2014An updated review. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174287"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000475698","article-title":"St. Gallen\/Vienna 2017: A brief summary of the consensus discussion about escalation and de-escalation of primary breast cancer treatment","volume":"12","author":"Gnant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6486-6","article-title":"Eighth edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: Breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Giuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814528221","article-title":"Prognostic evaluation of feline mammary carcinomas: A review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Zappulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1957.43","article-title":"Histological grading and prognosis in breast cancer. A study of 1409 cases of which 359 have been followed for 15 years","volume":"11","author":"Bloom","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Elston, C.W., and Ellis, I.O. (1998). Assessment of histological grade. Systemic Pathology. The Breast, Churchill Livingstone. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1991.tb00229.x","article-title":"Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: Experience from a large study with long-term follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Elston","year":"1991","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.03.020","article-title":"HER-2, EGFR, Cox-2 and Ki67 expression in lymph node metastasis of canine mammary carcinomas: Association with clinical-pathological parameters and overall survival","volume":"106","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352008000600015","article-title":"Assessment of cell proliferation and prognostic factors in canine mammary gland tumors","volume":"60","author":"Dutra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.05.003","article-title":"Histological grading and prognosis in dogs with mammary carcinomas: Application of a human grading method","volume":"133","author":"Karayannopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818806968","article-title":"Canine mammary tumors: Comparison of classification and grading methods in a survival study","volume":"56","author":"Canadas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(98)80049-2","article-title":"Tumour grading and the one-year post-surgical prognosis in feline mammary carcinomas","volume":"119","author":"Castagnaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1312","article-title":"The biological behavior of canine mammary neoplasms","volume":"151","author":"Fidler","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13576","article-title":"Quantitation of the regional lymph node metastatic burden and prognosis in malignant mammary tumors of dogs","volume":"29","author":"Nunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.07.010","article-title":"Extracapsular extension and tumor implants in lymph nodes with canine mammary carcinoma metastasdutris: Study of the impact on survival","volume":"139","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2019.1651901","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer: A review","volume":"95","author":"Bonacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr777","article-title":"Prognostic molecular markers in early breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Esteva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BIC-S38394","DOI":"10.4137\/BIC.S38394","article-title":"Novel molecular markers for breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Inoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomark. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"513158","article-title":"Molecular markers for breast cancer: Prediction on tumor behavior","volume":"2014","author":"Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-10-15","article-title":"Identification of early molecular markers for breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.046227","article-title":"Predictive markers in breast and other cancers: A review","volume":"51","author":"Duffy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23732","article-title":"Molecular markers for breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy","volume":"111","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08863-x","article-title":"Research progress of good markers for canine mammary carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0417-1","article-title":"Current biomarkers of canine mammary tumors","volume":"60","author":"Kaszak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2024-0012","article-title":"Molecular markers in canine mammary tumors","volume":"74","author":"Gherman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813509388","article-title":"Canine mammary tumors: A review and consensus of standard guidelines on epithelial and myoepithelial phenotype markers, HER2, and hormone receptor assessment using immunohistochemistry","volume":"51","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.008","article-title":"Prognostic histopathological and molecular markers in feline mammary neoplasia","volume":"194","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aupperle-Lellbach, H., Balogh, O., Freise, F., M\u00f6hlenbrink, F., Damm, J., Witte, S., Schmidt, B., and Benz, N. (2024). Clinical use of molecular biomarkers in canine and feline oncology: Current and future. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11050199"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Cassali, G.D. (2023). Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Breast Cancer. Canine and Feline Mammary Pathology: From Diagnosis to Treatment, MedVet. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v5.i3.412","article-title":"Biological subtypes of breast cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"5","author":"Yersal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-008-0644-3","article-title":"Identification of molecular phenotypes in canine mammary carcinomas with clinical implications: Application of the human classification","volume":"453","author":"Gama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2009.00193.x","article-title":"The relationship between tumour size and expression of prognostic markers in benign and malignant canine mammary tumours","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-1-120","article-title":"MIB-1 labeling index in feline dysplastic and neoplastic mammary lesions and its relationship with postsurgical prognosis","volume":"39","author":"Millanta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Path."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.08-VP-0226-C-FL","article-title":"Cox-2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas: Correlation with angiogenesis and overall survival","volume":"46","author":"Lavalle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, T.C., Oliveira, E.A., Santos, B.J., Souza, F.R., Veloso, E.S., Nunes, C.B., Del Puerto, H.L., and Cassali, G.D. (2022). Cox-2 expression in mammary invasive micropapillary carcinoma is associated with prognostic factors and acts as a potential therapeutic target in comparative oncology. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.983110"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01014.x","article-title":"CA 15.3, CEA and LDH in dogs with malignant mammary tumors","volume":"26","author":"Campos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, C., and Ferreira, F. (2021). Tumor microenvironment of human breast cancer, and feline mammary carcinoma as a potential study model. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, 1876.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188587"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000430499","article-title":"Role of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer","volume":"82","author":"Soysal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2912","article-title":"The microenvironment in breast cancer progression: Biology and implications for treatment","volume":"13","author":"Place","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-019-01393-0","article-title":"Phenotypic, structural, and ultrastructural analysis of triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer stem cell subpopulation","volume":"48","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Transcription factor SOX3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer cell line MDAMB-231","volume":"7","author":"Underwood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mouse 4T1 breast tumor model","volume":"39","author":"Pulaski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00539.x","article-title":"The mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1: Characterization of the cellular landscape of primary tumours and metastatic tumour foci","volume":"88","author":"Redelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Reis, D.C., Damasceno, K.A., De Campos, C.B., Veloso, E.S., P\u00eagas, G.R., Kraemer, L.R., Rodrigues, M.A., Mattos, M.S., Gomes, D.A., and Campos, P.P. (2019). Versican and tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor progression and metastasis in canine and murine models of breast carcinoma. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00577"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2006.09.005","article-title":"Ehrlich tumor as a model to study artificial hyperthyroidism influence on breast cancer","volume":"203","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-24442011000400012","article-title":"Efeito da prote\u00edna Kint3-4 do plasminog\u00eanio humano no crescimento do tumor de Ehrlich","volume":"47","author":"Souza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.10.018","article-title":"Antitumoral activity and toxicity of PEG-coated and PEG-folate-coated pH-sensitive liposomes containing 159Gd-DTPA-BMA in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice","volume":"45","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.05.135","article-title":"Qa-2 expression levels are related with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes profile during solid Ehrlich tumor development","volume":"92","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2009.01.009","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells as a mechanism of tumor growth reduction in allergic mice","volume":"205","author":"Pinto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2012.04.005","article-title":"Thalidomide attenuates mammary cancer-associated inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice","volume":"66","author":"Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-12125","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of thalidomide on tumor-associated macrophages in the 4T1 murine metastatic breast cancer model","volume":"73","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2011.649371","article-title":"Myeloid metaplasia in canine mixed mammary tumors: Occurrence and characterization","volume":"31","author":"Auler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damasceno, K.A., Bertagnolli, A.C., Estrela-Lima, A., Ribeiro, L.G., Rabelo, B.S., Campos, C.B., Barros, A.L., and Cassali, G.D. (2012). Versican expression in canine carcinomas in benign mixed tumours: Is there an association with clinical pathological factors, invasion and overall survival?. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-195"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.013","article-title":"Versican expression in myoepithelial cells from carcinomas in canine mixed mammary tumors","volume":"200","author":"Damasceno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.08.010","article-title":"Expression of VCAN and its receptors in canine mammary carcinomas with or without myoepithelial proliferation","volume":"140","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"675","article-title":"Relationship between the expression of versican and EGFR, HER-2, HER-3 and CD44 in matrix-producing tumours in the canine mammary gland","volume":"31","author":"Damasceno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damasceno, K.A., Ferreira, E., Estrela-Lima, A., Gamba, C.O., Miranda, F.F., Alves, M.R., Rocha, R.M., Barros, A.L., and Cassali, G.D. (2016). HER-2 and EGFR mRNA Expression and Its Relationship with Versican in Malignant Matrix-Producing Tumors of the Canine Mammary Gland. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160419"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2015.11.017","article-title":"Inner nuclear membrane localization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in spontaneous canine model of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the mammary gland","volume":"212","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M.A., Souza, T.A., Pinto, S.G.B., Cassali, G.D., Estrela-Lima, A., Gomes, D.A., Alves, M.R., Silva, L.P., Barros, A.L., and Gamba, C.O. (2021). Characterization of neoplastic cells outlining the cystic space of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the canine mammary gland. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02807-y"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, A.P.V., Reis, L.A., Nunes, F.C., Longford, F.G.J., Frey, J.G., de Paula, A.M., and Cassali, G.D. (2021). Canine mammary cancer tumour behaviour and patient survival time are associated with collagen fibre characteristics. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85104-w"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, A.P.V., Taborda, D.Y.O., Reis, L.A., de Paula, A.M., and Cassali, G.D. (2024). Collagen modifications predictive of lymph node metastasis in dogs with carcinoma in mixed tumours. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1362693"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, T., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Pei, W., Zhang, B., Wang, B., Wang, Y., and Jia, H. (2024). The cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment is an important marker for predicting therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1368687"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, M.I., Pires, I., Prada, J., and Queiroga, F.L. (2014). A role for T-lymphocytes in human breast cancer and in canine mammary tumors. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/130894"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12987","article-title":"Distribution of inflammatory infiltrate in feline mammary lesions: Relationship with clinicopathological features","volume":"22","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.08.010","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: Innocent bystander or important player?","volume":"70","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuna-G\u00f3mez, R., Arqueros, C., Galano, C., Mulet, M., Zamora, C., Barnadas, A., and Vidal, S. (2021). Effector mechanisms of CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells in breast cancer patients who respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246167"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7466","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0684","article-title":"Dendritic cell infiltration and prognosis of early stage breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Treilleux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0078-7","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of breast cancer T cells reveals a tissue-resident memory subset associated with improved prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Savas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.010","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages: From mechanisms to therapy","volume":"41","author":"Noy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0333-1","article-title":"Immunosuppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during tumour progression","volume":"120","author":"Groth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9768-3","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts as key regulators of the breast cancer tumor microenvironment","volume":"37","author":"Houthuijzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.05.024","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Joyce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.09.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells in breast cancer development and management","volume":"86","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.013","article-title":"The association between fat mass and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Namazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.14549","article-title":"PD-L1 expression is associated with tumor FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cell infiltration of breast cancer and poor prognosis of patient","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4316","article-title":"Tumor-evoked regulatory B cells promote breast cancer metastasis by converting resting CD4+ T cells to T-regulatory cells","volume":"71","author":"Olkhanud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170494","article-title":"Dynamic balance between master transcription factorsdetermines the fates and functions of cd4 T cell and innate lymphoid cell subsets","volume":"214","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.06.017","article-title":"Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: \u201cN1\u201d versus \u201cN2\u201d TAN","volume":"16","author":"Fridlender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.0830","article-title":"Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and associations with pathological complete response and event-free survival in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer treated with lapatinib and trastuzumab: A secondary analysis of the NeoALTTO trial","volume":"1","author":"Salgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-021-00346-1","article-title":"The tale of TILs in breast cancer: A report from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group","volume":"7","author":"Haynes","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"142","article-title":"Correlation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to histopathological features and molecular phenotypes in canine mammary carcinoma: A morphologic and immunohistochemical morphometric study","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428319901052","article-title":"Identification of an immune-suppressed subtype of feline triple-negative basal-like invasive mammary carcinomas, spontaneous models of breast cancer","volume":"42","author":"Dagher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12686","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic marker for feline mammary carcinomas","volume":"19","author":"Petrucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.08.012","article-title":"Tumor-entrained neutrophils inhibit seeding in the premetastatic lung","volume":"20","author":"Granot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrela-Lima, A., Costa, I.B., Silva, L.P., Fernandes, D.M., Gon\u00e7alves, P.R., Pinto, S.G.B., and Cassali, G.D. (2010). Immunophenotypic features of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from mammary carcinomas in female dogs associated with prognostic factors and survival rates. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-256"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.06.012","article-title":"Relationship between the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and different histologic types of canine mammary tumors","volume":"119","author":"Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5638","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophage is correlated with survival and SOCS protein expression in canine mammary carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.02.016","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages: Relation with progression and invasiveness, and assessment of M1\/M2 macrophages in canine mammary tumours","volume":"234","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damasceno, K.A., Serakides, R., Cassali, G.D., Ribeiro, A.P., and Fonseca, C.S. (2022). Factors related to the suppression of the antitumour immune response in female dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267648"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2024.06.004","article-title":"Evaluation of immunophenotype and inflammation in canine mammary neoplasms with solid arrangement","volume":"213","author":"Flecher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.068","article-title":"Preclinical Mouse Cancer Models: A Maze of Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"163","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"721","article-title":"Mammary adenocarcinoma of viral genesis in CF-1 mice","volume":"47","author":"Cassali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911183412102","article-title":"Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"341","author":"Singhal","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.143","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide, but not pomalidomide, in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"49","author":"Casado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-24442014000100009","article-title":"Thalidomide promotes leukocytosis in mice inoculated with 4T1 mammary carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bras. Patol. Med. Lab."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11429","article-title":"Adjuvant Thalidomide and Metronomic Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Malignant Mammary Gland Neoplasms","volume":"32","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.14.2710","article-title":"Phase II evaluation of thalidomide in patients with metastatic breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Baidas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect of hypothyroidism on growth, viability and characteristics of ascite Ehrlich tumor cells in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized mice","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352007000100025","article-title":"Influence of Agaricus blazei Murril in solid Ehrlich tumor and popliteal lymph nodes in mice","volume":"59","author":"Melo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"e20210330","article-title":"Dietary lipids management: Are there any benefits from the prevention and treatment of 4T1 murine breast carcinoma?","volume":"95","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2013.08.004","article-title":"Combination therapy with carboplatin and thalidomide suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 murine breast cancer model","volume":"68","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232014195.02262013","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o nutricional de pacientes com c\u00e2ncer de mama atendidas no Servi\u00e7o de Mastologia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil","volume":"19","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-013-0068-9","article-title":"The association between adiposity and breast cancer recurrence and survival: A review of the recent literature","volume":"3","author":"Azrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.09.032","article-title":"Doxorubicin-loaded nanocarriers: A comparative study of liposome and nanostructured lipid carrier as alternatives for cancer therapy","volume":"84","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-017-1133-3","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Co-loaded with Doxorubicin and Docosahexaenoic Acid as a Theranostic Agent: Evaluation of Biodistribution and Antitumor Activity in Experimental Model","volume":"20","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735416628273","article-title":"Evaluation of Antitumor Activity of Long-Circulating and pH-Sensitive Liposomes Containing Ursolic Acid in Animal Models of Breast Tumor and Gliosarcoma","volume":"15","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.011","article-title":"Investigation of the antitumor activity and toxicity of long-circulating and fusogenic liposomes co-encapsulating paclitaxel and doxorubicin in a murine breast cancer animal model","volume":"109","author":"Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.105205","article-title":"Alpha-tocopheryl succinate improves encapsulation, pH-sensitivity, antitumor activity and reduces toxicity of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes","volume":"144","author":"Boratto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lages, E.B., Fernandes, R.S., Silva, J.O., de Souza, \u00c2.M., Cassali, G.D., de Barros, A.L.B., and Ferreira, L.A.M. (2020). Co-delivery of doxorubicin, docosahexaenoic acid, and \u03b1-tocopherol succinate by nanostructured lipid carriers has a synergistic effect to enhance antitumor activity and reduce toxicity. Biomed. Pharmacother., 132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110876"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paschoal Barbosa, L.M., Gomes, E.R., de Barros, A.L.B., Cassali, G.D., de Carvalho, A.T., Silva, J.O., P\u00e1dua, A.L., and Oliveira, M.C. (2024). Hybrid Nanosystem Formed by DOX-Loaded Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles from MDA-MB-231 Is Effective against Breast Cancer Cells with Different Molecular Profiles. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060739"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Withrow, S.J., Vail, D.M., and Page, R.L. (2013). Tumors of the Mammary Gland. Withrow & MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier Saunders. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"375","article-title":"Canine malignant mammary gland neoplasms with advanced clinical staging treated with carboplatin and cyclooxygenase inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Lavalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"863","article-title":"Use of surgery and carboplatin in feline malignant mammary gland neoplasms with advanced clinical staging","volume":"28","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Cassali, G.D. (2023). Aspectos epidemiol\u00f3gicos das neoplasias mam\u00e1rias em cadelas e gatas. Patologia Mam\u00e1ria Canina e Felina: Do Diagn\u00f3stico ao Tratamento, MedVet. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/2\/189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:09Z","timestamp":1760027889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/2\/189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12020189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12020189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]}}}