{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:27:17Z","timestamp":1787502437257,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agriculture Research System in Hainan Province","award":["HNARS-06-G05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNARS-06-G05"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture Research System in Hainan Province","award":["324RC445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324RC445"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["HNARS-06-G05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNARS-06-G05"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["324RC445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324RC445"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal inflammation significantly compromises broiler health and adversely affects growth performance. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was found to maintain the gut health of animals. However, the role and mechanism of EGCG in preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal inflammation in chicks have not yet been fully elucidated. In the 35-day study, 140 one-day-old Wenchang chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments: CON (basal diet), LPS (basal diet + 1 mg\/kg body weight (BW) LPS), L-EGCG (basal diet + 40 mg\/kg BW EGCG + 1 mg\/kg BW LPS), and H-EGCG (basal diet + 60 mg\/kg BW EGCG + 1 mg\/kg BW LPS). On days 31, 33, and 35 of age, broilers in the LPS, L-EGCG, and H-EGCG treatments received intraperitoneal injections of LPS. The LPS reduced jejunal villus height, villus height\/crypt depth ratio, Claudin1 mRNA, catalase (CAT) activity, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels compared to CON while elevating diamine oxidase (DAO), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1). EGCG improved growth performance in LPS-challenged broilers, elevating jejunal villus height and Claudin1\/ZO-1 mRNA with reduced serum DAO. It enhanced antioxidant capacity via increased serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and a decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Concurrently, EGCG lowered IL-1\u03b2\/TNF-\u03b1 and raised IL-10 in serum\/jejunum. Crucially, EGCG suppressed jejunal TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB mRNA and protein expression under LPS. These findings demonstrate EGCG\u2019s protective role against LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in Wenchang chickens through TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway inhibition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12030225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1740981136000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epigallocatechin Gallate Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Wenchang Chicken by Inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101030","article-title":"Heat stress aggravates intestinal inflammation through TLR4-NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in Ma chickens infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"100","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104524","article-title":"Novel model for chronic intestinal inflammation in chickens: (2) Immunologic mechanism behind the inflammatory response","volume":"138","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102831","article-title":"Nigella sativa as an antibiotic alternative to promote growth and enhance health of broilers challenged with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens","volume":"102","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najmi, A., Javed, S.A., Al Bratty, M., and Alhazmi, H.A. (2022). Modern Approaches in the Discovery and Development of Plant-Based Natural Products and Their Analogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020349"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786388241253436","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388241253436","article-title":"The Protection of EGCG Against 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Damage by Regulating PPAR\u03b3 and Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, M., You, Y., Xu, C., and Chen, Z. (2024). Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate attenuates lipopolysacharide-induced pneumonia via modification of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04436-y"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03391-5","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate modulates ferroptosis through downregulation of tsRNA-13502 in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27163","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction by inhibiting the nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Huang, S., Li, T., Li, N., Han, D., Zhang, B., Xu, Z.Z., Zhang, S., Pang, J., and Wang, S. (2021). Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01115-9"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"714","article-title":"Effect of supplementing broiler chicken diets with green tea extract on the growth performance, lipid profile, antioxidant status and immune response","volume":"57","author":"Farahat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2017.1355129","article-title":"Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on growth performance and antioxidant capacity in heat-stressed broilers","volume":"71","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13062","article-title":"The effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on small intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effect in heat-stressed broilers","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.040","article-title":"Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide and its sulfated derivative on growth performance and immune condition of lipopolysaccharide-treated broilers","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103586","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid ameliorates intestinal inflammation by inhibiting NF-\u03baB and endoplasmic reticulum stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broilers","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Han, Z., Zhang, J., Kang, J., Li, C., Pang, Q., and Liu, S. (2024). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Fermented Coconut Water Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Enteritis in Wenchang Chicken: A Gut Microbiota and Metabolomic Approach. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040575"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102861","article-title":"Effect of purple sweet potato-derived anthocyanins on heat stress response in Wenchang chickens and preliminary mechanism study","volume":"102","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Akhtar, M., Chen, Y., Ma, Z., Liang, Y., Shi, D., Cheng, R., Cui, L., Hu, Y., and Nafady, A.A. (2022). Correction: Chicken jejunal microbiota improves growth performance by mitigating intestinal inflammation. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01330-y"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riva, F., Eckersall, P.D., Chadwick, C.C., Chadwick, L.C., McKeegan, D.E.F., Peinado-Izaguerri, J., Bruggeman, G., Hermans, D., McLaughlin, M., and Bain, M. (2024). Identification of novel biomarkers of acute phase response in chickens challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04062-3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, S., Wan, S., Li, Z., Li, H., and Tang, S. (2024). Anti-inflammatory properties of Bacillus pumilus TS1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory damage in broilers. Anim. Biotechnol., 35.","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2024.2418516"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102627","article-title":"Effects of green tea phytosome on growth performance and intestinal integrity under coccidiosis infection challenge in broilers","volume":"102","author":"Jelveh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew112","article-title":"Impact of oral Lactobacillus acidophilus gavage on rooster seminal and cloacal Lactobacilli concentrations","volume":"95","author":"Kiess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.063","article-title":"Antioxidative stress of oral administration of tea extract granule in chickens","volume":"99","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1500160","article-title":"Long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols and Lactobacillus brevis M8 on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, G., Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Han, R., Qi, K., Yin, L., Zhao, D., Huang, Y., Ma, T., and Wang, L. (2024). Effects of different addition levels of CHM-JM113 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, organ index, and intestinal health of AA broilers. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1388173"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10208","article-title":"Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"474","author":"Maloy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810819115","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction orchestrates the onset of inflammatory host-microbiome cross-talk in a human gut inflammation-on-a-chip","volume":"115","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Bai, D., Zhen, W., Hu, X., Zhang, H., Zhong, J., Zhang, Y., Ito, K., Zhang, B., and Yang, Y. (2024). Aspirin eugenol ester affects ileal barrier function, inflammatory response and microbiota in broilers under lipopolysaccharide-induced immune stress conditions. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1401909"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huangfu, W., Ma, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., Liu, B., Zhao, J., Wang, Z., and Shi, Y. (2024). Dietary Fiber-Derived Butyrate Alleviates Piglet Weaning Stress by Modulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Pathway. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111714"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7576","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c02495","article-title":"Apple Polyphenols Improve Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity and Barrier Function by Activating the Nrf2\/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in a Pig Model","volume":"70","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, Y., Sun, W., Xu, T., Shan, J., Gao, M., and Lin, H. (2024). Selenomethionine modulates the JAK2\/STAT3\/A20 pathway through oxidative stress to alleviate LPS-induced pyroptosis and inflammation in chicken hearts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj., 1868.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2024.130564"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803143n","article-title":"Preparation and Antioxidant Activity of Green Tea Extract Enriched in Epigallocatechin (EGC) and Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG)","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"8639139","article-title":"Antioxidation Function of EGCG by Activating Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway in Mice with Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"1","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Heo, J.B., Cho, S., Ryu, C.W., Heo, H.J., Yun, M.Y., Nam, G., Song, G.Y., and Bae, J.S. (2024). Inhibitory Effects of Decursin Derivative against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101337"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allard, R.L., Mayfield, J., Barchiesi, R., Salem, N.A., and Mayfield, R.D. (2024). Toll-like receptor 7: A novel neuroimmune target to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. Neurobiol. Stress, 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100639"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Gao, F., Li, Y., Su, D., Han, L., Li, Y., Zhang, X., and Feng, Z. (2024). Role of pattern recognition receptors in the development of MASLD and potential therapeutic applications. Biomed. Pharmacother., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116724"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Shen, T., Zhao, B., Li, M., Deng, Z., Huo, Y., Aernouts, B., Loor, J.J., Psifidi, A., and Xu, C. (2024). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects bovine ruminal epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory damage by activating autophagy. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01066-9"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.06.039","article-title":"An injectable co-assembled hydrogel blocks reactive oxygen species and inflammation cycle resisting myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"149","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2024.2370751","article-title":"(-)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate protects pancreatic \u03b2-cell against excessive autophagy-induced injury through promoting FTO degradation","volume":"20","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/3\/225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:45:48Z","timestamp":1760028348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/3\/225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12030225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12030225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]}}}