{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:54:35Z","timestamp":1793235275387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarise existing evidence and the latest therapeutic advancements in feline HCM. The disease phenotype is characterised by the development of concentric hypertrophy, which is variable but often asymmetric, primarily affecting the left ventricle. The HCM is marked by diastolic dysfunction, resulting in a reduced intracavitary internal diameter due to the disordered alignment of cardiomyocytes and excessive collagen deposition, which thickens the myocardial tissue and impairs relaxation. There is strong evidence supporting the role of genetic mutations in sarcomeric genes in the development of HCM. Clinical signs vary but are frequently associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) and ATE. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, although certain aspects of the disease remain insufficiently understood and require further research. Therapeutic management focuses on controlling clinical signs, slowing disease progression, and improving both quality of life and life expectancy. However, ongoing studies are essential to refine diagnostic strategies and explore novel treatment options for better disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12030289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:03:59Z","timestamp":1742447039000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical-Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Gaia de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina Ribeiro","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais\u2014PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte 30140-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Pimenta de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais\u2014PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte 30140-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzane Lilian","family":"Beier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais\u2014UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-4205","article-title":"Dog and cat population dynamics in an urban area: Evaluation of a birth control strategy","volume":"38","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0583.x","article-title":"Perceptions of Quality of Life and Priorities of Owners of Cats with Heart Disease","volume":"24","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15609","article-title":"Long-term incidence and risk of noncardiovascular and allcause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"33","author":"Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15745","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats","volume":"34","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211020162","article-title":"The feline cardiomyopathies 2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Kittleson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi386","article-title":"A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Meurs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2007.04.007","article-title":"A substitution mutation in the myosin binding protein C gene in Ragdoll hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"90","author":"Meurs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13743","article-title":"Genetics of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"98","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211021819","article-title":"The feline cardiomyopathies 1. General concepts","volume":"23","author":"Kittleson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"61","article-title":"Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Genetics, current diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Sukumolanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Integr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059","article-title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy","volume":"121","author":"Marian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm342","article-title":"Classification of the cardiomyopathies: A position statement from the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases","volume":"29","author":"Elliot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318223e230","article-title":"2011 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"124","author":"Gersh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4322\/rbcv.2020.030","article-title":"Sobrevida e caracter\u00edsticas ecocardiogr\u00e1ficas de gatos com e sem cardiomiopatias","volume":"27","author":"Barroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Bras. Ci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.016","article-title":"The Role of Personalized Medicine in Companion Animal Cardiology","volume":"53","author":"Rivas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.012","article-title":"Predicting Development of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Disease Outcomes in Cats","volume":"53","author":"Matos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.03.007","article-title":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in man and cats","volume":"17","author":"Maron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiatsilapanan, A., and Surachetpong, S.D. (2020). Assessment of left atrial function in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02557-3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20972058","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of cats referred for evaluation of subclinical cardiac murmurs","volume":"23","author":"Franchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6511","article-title":"Epidemiological and pathological aspects of cardiomiopatias in cats in southern Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Argenta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.09.008","article-title":"Risk factors associated with sudden death vs. congestive heart failure or arterial thromboembolism in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Payne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16576","article-title":"Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats from rehoming centers: The CatScan II study","volume":"36","author":"Matos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2023.09.006","article-title":"Isolated discrete upper septal thickening in a nonreferral cat population of senior and young cats","volume":"50","author":"Matos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2024.2404684","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiomyopathy and cardiac mortality in a colony of nonpurebred cats in New Zealand","volume":"73","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12031","article-title":"Myosin-Binding Protein C DNA Variants in Domestic Cats (A31P, A74T, R820W) and their Association with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Longeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.14740\/cr578w","article-title":"Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A spontaneous large animal model of human HCM","volume":"8","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15122","article-title":"International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: The REVEAL Study","volume":"32","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.010","article-title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Advances in Imaging and Diagnostic Strategies","volume":"53","author":"Fries","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messer, A.E., Chan, J., Daley, A., Copeland, O., Marston, S.B., and Connoly, D.J. (2017). Investigations into the Sarcomeric Protein and Ca2+-Regulation Abnormalities Underlying Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats (Felix catus). Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00348"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2209-x","article-title":"Inherited cardiomyopathies in veterinary medicine","volume":"471","author":"Stern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.08.001","article-title":"Prospective echocardiographic and tissue Doppler screening of a large Sphynx cat population: Reference ranges, heart disease prevalence and genetic aspects","volume":"14","author":"Chetboul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.005","article-title":"The influence of clinical and genetic factors on left ventricular wall thickness in ragdoll cats","volume":"17","author":"Borgeat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.03.001","article-title":"The genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats and humans","volume":"17","author":"Kittleson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.151.11.529","article-title":"Phenotypes and echocardiographic characteristics of a European population of domestic shorthair cats with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"151","author":"Brizard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.05.002","article-title":"Asymptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Wilkie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small. Anim."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"493","article-title":"Primary myocardial disease in the cat: A model for human cardiomyopathy","volume":"86","author":"Tilley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.24.3172","article-title":"Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine coon cats: An animal model of human disease","volume":"99","author":"Kittleson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern, J.A., Rivas, V.N., Kaplan, J.L., Ueda, Y., Oldach, M.S., Ontiveros, E.S., Kooiker, K.B., van Dijk, S.J., and Harris, S.P. (2023). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in purpose-bred cats with the A31P mutation in cardiac myosin binding protein-C. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36932-5"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13074","article-title":"Absence of known feline MYH7 and MYBPC3 variants in a diverse cohort of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"52","author":"Adin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18816460","article-title":"Precision medicine validation: Identifying the MYBPC3 A31P variant with whole-genome sequencing in two Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Ontiveros","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukumolanan, P., Demeekul, K., and Petchdee, S. (2022). Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Coupled with a Lateral Flow Dipstick Test for Detection of Myosin Binding Protein C3 A31P Mutation in Maine Coon Cats. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.819694"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2014.03.005","article-title":"Association of the myosin binding protein C3 mutation (MYBPC3 R820W) with cardiac death in a survey of 236 ragdoll cats","volume":"16","author":"Borgeat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01740-5","article-title":"A deleterious mutation in the ALMS1 gene in a naturally occurring model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat","volume":"16","author":"Meurs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13340","article-title":"HCM-associated ALMS1 variant: Allele drop-out and frequency in Italian Sphynx cats","volume":"54","author":"Turba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiyama, N., Suzuki, R., Saito, T., Yuchi, Y., Ukawa, H., and Matsumoto, Y. (2023). Presence of known feline ALMS1 and MYBPC3 variants in a diverse cohort of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Japan. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283433"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J., Loh, Y., Connolly, D.J., Luis Fuentes, V., Dutton, E., Hunt, H., and Munday, J.S. (2024). Prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and ALMS1 Variant in Sphynx Cats in New Zealand. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182629"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demeekul, K., Sukumolanan, P., Panprom, C., Thaisakun, S., Roytrakul, S., and Petchdee, S. (2022). Echocardiography and MALDI-TOF Identification of Myosin-Binding Protein C3 A74T Gene Mutations Involved Healthy and Mutated Bengal Cats. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141782"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.502-508","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiac myosin-binding protein C3 mutations in Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Sukumolanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13223","article-title":"The TNNT2:c.95-108G>A variant is common in Maine Coons and shows no association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"53","author":"Schipper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8752","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46080517","article-title":"Genetic Basis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats","volume":"46","author":"Grzeczka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"354","article-title":"Positron-emission tomography myocardial blood flow quantification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"60","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2019.12.001","article-title":"Pulmonary vein to pulmonary artery ratio in healthy and cardiomyopathic cats","volume":"27","author":"Patata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2016.08.001","article-title":"Right ventricular involvement in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"18","author":"Schober","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14688","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"31","author":"Visser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.07.003","article-title":"Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats","volume":"17","author":"Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12947-016-0072-5","article-title":"Echocardiographic diagnosis of the different phenotypes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Parato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshua, J., Caswell, J., O\u2019Sullivan, M.L., Wood, G., and Fonfara, S. (2023). Feline myocardial transcriptome in health and in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-A translational animal model for human disease. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283244"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.07.007","article-title":"Cardiac gene activation varies between young and adult cats and in the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"152","author":"Colpitts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211062631","article-title":"Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Reduced microvascular density and involvement of CD34+ interstitial cells","volume":"59","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.09.024","article-title":"Elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"152","author":"Lean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15246","article-title":"Evaluation of point-of-care thoracic ultrasound and NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress","volume":"32","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Follby, A., Pettersson, A., Ljungvall, I., Ohlsson, \u00c5., and H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m, J. (2022). A Questionnaire Survey on Long-Term Outcomes in Cats Breed-Screened for Feline Cardiomyopathy. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202782"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.9.1095","article-title":"Relationship between paradoxical breathing and pleural diseases in dyspneic dogs and cats: 389 cases (2001\u20132009)","volume":"240","author":"Arnaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12732","article-title":"Rapid assessment with physical examination in dyspnoeic cats: The RAPID CAT study","volume":"59","author":"Dickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105696","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death: A comparative review of humans, dogs and cats","volume":"274","author":"Hellemans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16806","article-title":"Systolic third sound associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"37","author":"Saponaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.11.1398","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats","volume":"234","author":"Paige","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2010.05.003","article-title":"Comparison of auscultatory and echocardiographic findings in healthy adult cats","volume":"12","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"197","article-title":"Cardiomiopatias em felinos","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tratado de Cardiologia de C\u00e3es e Gatos"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i9.29","article-title":"Parameters related to diagnosing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats","volume":"14","author":"Nonn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vliegenthart, T., and Szatm\u00e1ri, V. (2025). A New, Easy-to-Learn, Fear-Free Method to Stop Purring During Cardiac Auscultation in Cats. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020236"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.06.002","article-title":"Preventing Cardiogenic Thromboembolism in Cats Literature Gaps, Rational Recommendations, and Future Therapies","volume":"53","author":"Shaverdian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaverdian, M., Nguyen, N., and Li, R.H.L. (2024). A novel technique to characterize procoagulant platelet formation and evaluate platelet procoagulant tendency in cats by flow cytometry. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1480756"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319717732238","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction and Venous Thrombosis","volume":"69","author":"Poredos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.05.001","article-title":"Feline Cardiogenic Arterial Thromboembolism Prevention and Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Hogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000441","article-title":"Prognostic value of infrared thermography in an emergency department","volume":"25","author":"Holm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2019.0021","article-title":"Feline arterial thromboembolism","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Companion Anim."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12451547","article-title":"Arterial thromboembolism Risks, realities and a rational first-line approach","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.10.004","article-title":"Secondary prevention of cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism in the cat: The double-blind, randomized, positive-controlled feline arterial thromboembolism; clopidogrel vs. aspirin trial (FAT CAT)","volume":"17","author":"Hogan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2020v41n2p717","article-title":"Arterial thromboembolism of noncardiogenic origin in a domestic feline with ischemia and reperfusion syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cienc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"752","article-title":"Feline Aortic Thromboembolism Diagnosed by Thermography","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.08.010","article-title":"Systemic reactive angioendotheliomatosis mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a domestic shorthair cat","volume":"56","author":"Herrold","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2023.2234436","article-title":"Comparative cardiac macroscopic and microscopic study in cats with hyperthyroidism vs. cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"43","author":"Janus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2023.00815","article-title":"Heart failure in a cat due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype caused by chronic uncontrolled hyperthyroidism","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19895940","article-title":"2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Little","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavazza, A., Marchegiani, A., Guerriero, L., Turinelli, V., Spaterna, A., Mangiaterra, S., Galosi, L., Rossi, G., and Cerquetella, M. (2021). Updates on Laboratory Evaluation of Feline Cardiac Diseases. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8030041"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fries, R.C., Kadotani, S., Stack, J.P., Kruckman, L., and Wallace, G. (2022). Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.813524"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211067015","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey of noninvasive indirect blood pressure measurement practices in cats by veterinarians","volume":"2","author":"Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12221","article-title":"A Valentine-Shaped Cardiac Silhouette in Feline Thoracic Radiographs is Primarily due to Left Atrial Enlargement","volume":"56","author":"Oura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.03.005","article-title":"Thoracic radiography in the cat: Identification of cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.04.008","article-title":"Feline Congestive Heart Failure Current Diagnosis and Management","volume":"47","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12215","article-title":"Prognostic Indicators in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Payne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Lee, D., Park, S., Suh, G.H., and Choi, J. (2023). Radiographic findings of cardiopulmonary structures can predict hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res., 84.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.01.0017"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rho, J., Shin, S.-M., Jhang, K., Lee, G., Song, K.-H., and Shin, H. (2023). Deep learning-based diagnosis of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280438"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2013.03.003","article-title":"Effect of treatment with atenolol on 5-year survival in cats with preclinical (asymptomatic) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Schober","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14546339","article-title":"Associations between \u2019valentine\u2019 heart shape, atrial enlargement and cardiomyopathy in cats","volume":"17","author":"Winter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e568","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221121922","article-title":"Radiographic features of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in cats with left-sided cardiac disease: 71 cases","volume":"24","author":"Diana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.210","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in radiographs of cats","volume":"216","author":"Litster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2014.10.001","article-title":"Heart rate and arrhythmia frequency of normal cats compared to cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2014v35n4Suplp2501","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of cardiac silhouette in healthy Maine Coon cats","volume":"35","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Ci\u00eanc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"158","article-title":"Ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings in cats with primary asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Tidholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2018.07.002","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic utility of surface electrocardiography in cats with left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"20","author":"Romito","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2023.04.005","article-title":"Ventricular preexcitation in cats: 17 cases","volume":"47","author":"Sidler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"301","article-title":"Arrhythmias in Feline Cardiomyopathies","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Willis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Guide to Canine and Feline Eletrocardiography"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2006.03.001","article-title":"The Anatomical Basis of Complete Atrioventricular Block in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"135","author":"Kaneshige","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.12.004","article-title":"Pre-excitation alternans in a cat","volume":"58","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-10004-x","article-title":"Tpeak-Tend, a novel electrocardiographic marker in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-a brief communication","volume":"47","author":"Bastos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.05.003","article-title":"Clinical signs associated with severe ST segment elevation in three cats with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype","volume":"54","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, R.F., Tuleski, G.L.R., and Sousa, M.G. (2023). QT interval instability and QRS interval dispersion in healthy cats and cats with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype. J. Feline Med. Surg., 25.","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231151479"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.003","article-title":"Bradyarrhythmia after treatment with atenolol and mirtazapine in a cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"53","author":"Oricco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cofaru, A., Murariu, R., Popa, T., Pe\u0219tean, C.P., and Scurtu, I.C. (2024). The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152165"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.11.005","article-title":"Holter monitoring demonstrates that ventricular arrhythmias are common in cats with decompensated and compensated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"243","author":"Bartoszuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12056","article-title":"Evaluation of a training course in focused echocardiography for noncardiology house officers","volume":"23","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"111","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of the Feline Left Atrium","volume":"20","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15464","article-title":"Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001\u20132015)","volume":"33","author":"Chetboul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"331","article-title":"Echocardiographic measurement of left atrial dimension in healthy cats and cats with left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"34","author":"Maerz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tieraerztl. Prax. Ausg. K. Kleintiere. Heimtiere."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02831.x","article-title":"Assessment of left atrial appendage flow velocity and its relation to spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in 89 cats with myocardial disease","volume":"20","author":"Schober","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2023.02.002","article-title":"Thin and hypokinetic myocardial segments in cats with cardiomyopathy","volume":"46","author":"Matos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2024.151743","article-title":"Short communication Assessment of left atrial size, left atrial volume and left ventricular function, and its relation to spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Colakoglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17203","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"38","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.09.001","article-title":"Anterior mitral valve leaflet length in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"37","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-018-0302-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of anterior mitral valve leaflet length in individuals with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene mutation without hypertrophic changes","volume":"21","author":"Velzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14697","article-title":"Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"31","author":"Spalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.02.002","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in cats: Hemodynamic determinants and pattern recognition","volume":"17","author":"Schober","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16962","article-title":"Aortic annular plane systolic excursion in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"38","author":"Dutton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.06.003","article-title":"Detection of congestive heart failure by mitral annular displacement in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy\u2014Concordance between tissue Doppler imaging-derived tissue tracking and M-mode","volume":"36","author":"Bach","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2023.03.002","article-title":"Aorto-septal angle, isolated basal septal hypertrophy, and systolic murmur in 122 cats","volume":"46","author":"Crosara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15495","article-title":"Speckle tracking echocardiography in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"33","author":"Spalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, T., Suzuki, R., Yuchi, Y., Fukuoka, H., Satomi, S., Teshima, T., and Matsumoto, H. (2023). Comparative study of myocardial function in cases of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without dynamic left-ventricular outflow-tract obstruction. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1191211"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirose, M., Watanabe, M., Takeuchi, A., Yokoi, A., Terai, K., Matsuura, K., Takahashi, K., and Tanaka, R. (2024). Differences in the Impact of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction on Intraventricular Pressure Gradient in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.0794.v1"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, R., Saito, T., Yuchi, Y., Kanno, H., Teshima, T., and Matsumoto, H. (2021). Detection of Congestive Heart Failure and Myocardial Dysfunction in Cats With Cardiomyopathy by Using Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.771244"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.07.005","article-title":"Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: Statistical Assessment and Section on Key Novel Heart Failure Biomarkers","volume":"27","author":"Dhingra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2014.09.002","article-title":"Multicentered investigation of a point-of-care NT-proBNP ELISA to detect moderate to severe occult (preclinical) feline heart disease in cats referred for cardiac evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Machen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2018.04.008","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in cats with and without cardiomyopathies","volume":"20","author":"Heishima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12318","article-title":"Biomarkers for differentiation of causes of respiratory distress in dogs and cats: Part 1-cardiac diseases and pulmonary hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16156","article-title":"Point-of-care N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide assay to screen apparently healthy cats for cardiac disease in general practice","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715588330","article-title":"Analytical validation of an immunoassay for the quantification of N-terminal pro\u2013B-type natriuretic peptide in feline blood","volume":"27","author":"Mainville","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0101","article-title":"ProANP as a screening biomarker for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine coon cats","volume":"19","author":"Garncarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20938651","article-title":"Risk indictors in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Ironside","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15131","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of cardiac troponin I in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"32","author":"Hori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e370","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221117115","article-title":"Cardiac troponin I in healthy Norwegian Forest Cat, Birman and domestic shorthair cats, and in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15807","article-title":"Biomarker changes with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"34","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02628.x","article-title":"Measurements of Plasma Endothelin Immunoreactivity in Healthy Cats and Cats with Cardiomyopathy","volume":"18","author":"Sisson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiwaganont, P., Roytrakul, S., Thaisakun, S., Sukumolanan, P., and Petchdee, S. (2024). Investigation of coagulation and proteomics profiles in symptomatic feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and healthy control cats. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04170-0"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsiglia, J.D.C., Credidio, F.L., Mimary de Oliveira, T.G., Reis, R.F., Antunes, M.O., de Araujo, A.Q., Pedrosa, R.P., Barbosa-Ferreira, J.M.B., Mady, C., and Krieger, J.E. (2014). Clinical predictors of a positive genetic test in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Brazilian population. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-14-36"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12201","article-title":"Prevalence and demographics of the MYBPC3-mutations in ragdolls and Maine coons in the British Isles","volume":"55","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, W.-C., Lawson, C., Liu, H.-H., Wilkie, L., Dobromylskyj, M., Luis Fuentes, V., Dudhia, J., and Connolly, D.J. (2023). Exploration of mediators associated with myocardial remodelling in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132112"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.011","article-title":"Advancing treatments for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The role of animal models and targeted therapeutics","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2023.06.003","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a novel biomarker in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"48","author":"Stack","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16067","article-title":"Cardiac extracellular volume fraction in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"35","author":"Fries","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.2407-2416","article-title":"Evaluation of galectin-3 and titin in cats with a sarcomeric gene mutation associated with echocardiography","volume":"17","author":"Demeekul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105430","article-title":"Evaluation of potential novel biomarkers for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"180","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211044986","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in feline cardiogenic arterial thrombi: A pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16676","article-title":"Circulating neutrophil extracellular traps in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.03.012","article-title":"AAFP and ISFM Feline-Friendly Handling Guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Rodan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20551169241278408","DOI":"10.1177\/20551169241278408","article-title":"Suspected clopidogrel-associated hepatitis in a cat","volume":"10","author":"Kamp","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg. Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.03.002","article-title":"Effect of atenolol on heart rate, arrhythmias, blood pressure, and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortas, M., and Szatm\u00e1ri, V. (2022). Prevalence and prognosis of atenolol-responsive systolic anterior motion of the septal mitral valve leaflet in young cats with severe dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243509"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15572","article-title":"Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0049.x","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and left ventricular mass in Maine Coon cats with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"MacDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.5.534","article-title":"Case-control study of the effects of pimobendan on survival time in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure","volume":"245","author":"Stern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10478-x","article-title":"A pilot study of the proarrhythmic effects of pimobendan injection in clinically healthy cats","volume":"48","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldach, M.S., Ueda, Y., Ontiveros, E.S., Fousse, S.L., Visser, L.C., and Stern, J.A. (2021). Acute pharmacodynamic effects of pimobendan in client-owned cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02799-9"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15976","article-title":"Effects of pimobendan on left atrial transport function in cats","volume":"35","author":"Kochie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16054","article-title":"Effects of pimobendan in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and recent congestive heart failure: Results of a prospective, double-blind, randomized, nonpivotal, exploratory field study","volume":"35","author":"Schober","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2017.11.001","article-title":"The SEISICAT study: A pilot study assessing efficacy and safety of spironolactone in cats with congestive heart failure secondary to cardiomyopathy","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X11429645","article-title":"Effect of pimobendan on the clinical outcome and survival of cats with nontaurine responsive dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Hambrook","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16500","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats","volume":"36","author":"Paepe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3616607","article-title":"Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: A reversible cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Pion","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.24-0171","article-title":"A pilot study investigating serum carnitine profile of cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"87","author":"Umezawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00010.x","article-title":"Retrospective study of streptokinase administration in 46 cats with arterial thromboembolism","volume":"10","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.08.001","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of tissue plasminogen activator in 11 cats with arterial thromboembolism","volume":"12","author":"Welch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18778157","article-title":"Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in feline acute aortic thromboembolism: A retrospective study of 16 cases","volume":"21","author":"Guillaumin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211013736","article-title":"Dual therapy with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban in cats with thromboembolic disease","volume":"24","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16727","article-title":"Synergistic inhibitory effects of clopidogrel and rivaroxaban on platelet function and platelet-dependent thrombin generation in cats","volume":"37","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.796-803","article-title":"Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin plus clopidogrel therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated thromboembolism in cats","volume":"17","author":"Jaturanratsamee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.04.0269","article-title":"How much protection does clopidogrel provide to cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?","volume":"262","author":"Rishniw","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13103","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of Aficamten (CK-274) on cardiac contractility in an A31P MYBPC3 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cat model","volume":"46","author":"Sharpe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharpe, A.N., Oldach, M.S., Rivas, V.N., Kaplan, J.L., Walker, A.L., Kovacs, S.L., Hwee, D.T., Cremin, P., Morgan, B.P., and Malik, F.I. (2023). Effects of Aficamten on cardiac contractility in a feline translational model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26630-z"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.04.0187","article-title":"Delayed-release rapamycin halts progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in subclinical feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Results of the RAPACAT trial","volume":"261","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivas, V.N., Crofton, E.A., Jauregui, C.E., Wouters, J.R., Yang, B.S., Wittenburg, L.A., Kaplan, J.L., Hwee, D.T., Murphy, A.N., and Morgan, B.P. (2024). Cardiac myosin inhibitor, CK-586, minimally reduces systolic function and ameliorates obstruction in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62840-3"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/3\/289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:56:48Z","timestamp":1760029008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/3\/289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12030289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12030289","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]}}}