{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:59:29Z","timestamp":1792807169225,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"program of science and technology international cooperation project of Qinghai province","award":["2022-HZ-812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-HZ-812"]}]},{"name":"program of science and technology international cooperation project of Qinghai province","award":["32111530018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32111530018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research Cooperative Exchange Project","award":["2022-HZ-812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-HZ-812"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research Cooperative Exchange Project","award":["32111530018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32111530018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance represents a global health crisis with far-reaching implications, impacting multiple domains concurrently, including human health, animal health, and the natural environment. Wild birds were identified as carriers and disseminators of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). A majority of studies in this area have concentrated on migratory birds as carriers for the spread of antibiotic resistance over long distances. However, there has been scant research on the resistome of non-migratory Corvidae species that heavily overlap with human activities, which limits our understanding of antibiotic resistance in these birds and hinders the development of effective management strategies. This study employed a metagenomics approach to examine the characteristics of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in five common Corvidae species inhabiting the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau. The ARGs were classified into 20 major types and 567 subtypes. Notably, ARGs associated with multidrug resistance, including to macrolide\u2013lincosamide\u2013streptogramins, tetracyclines, beta-lactam, and bacitracin, were particularly abundant, with the subtypes acrB, bacA, macB, class C beta-lactamase, and tetA being especially prevalent. A total of 5 types of MGEs (166 subtypes) were identified across five groups of crows, and transposase genes, which indicated the presence of transposons, were identified as the most abundant type of MGEs. Moreover, some common opportunistic pathogens were identified as potential hosts for these ARGs and MGEs. Procrustes analysis and co-occurrence network analysis showed that the composition of the gut microbiota shaped the ARGs and MGEs, indicating a substantial association between these factors. The primary resistance mechanisms of ARGs in crows were identified as multidrug efflux pumps, alteration of antibiotic targets, and enzymatic inactivation. High-risk ARGs which were found to potentially pose significant risks to public health were also analyzed and resulted in the identification of 81 Rank I and 47 Rank II ARGs. Overall, our study offers a comprehensive characterization of the resistome in wild Corvidae species, enhancing our understanding of the potential public health risks associated with these birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metagenomic Insights into the Diverse Antibiotic Resistome of Non-Migratory Corvidae Species on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"You","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanchao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunfu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoma","family":"Lancuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Sharshov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4679","article-title":"The challenge of antimicrobial resistance: What economics can contribute","volume":"364","author":"Roope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.08.007","article-title":"Prevalence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and coselection of heavy metals in Chinese dairy farms","volume":"320","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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