{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:52:03Z","timestamp":1787770323173,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["C2023204074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2023204074"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["1081002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1081002240"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["3118133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3118133"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["C2023204074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2023204074"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["1081002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1081002240"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["3118133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3118133"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Agricultural University","award":["C2023204074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2023204074"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Agricultural University","award":["1081002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1081002240"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Agricultural University","award":["3118133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3118133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>K. pneumoniae is a major cause of bovine mastitis worldwide, making it difficult to control due to its resistance to multiple drugs. L. paraplantarum has been explored as a promising new approach to fighting bovine mastitis. In this study, the probiotic potential and safety of L. paraplantarum SDN1.2, as well as its ex vivo and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects against K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis, were comprehensively investigated using bioinformatics analyses and experimental validation methods. The results revealed that L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 exhibits non-hemolytic activity, is not cytotoxic, lacks virulence genes (e.g., adhesion factors, toxins, and invasion factors) and antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., beta-lactamases and tetracycline resistance genes), as supported by whole-genome sequencing, and significantly inhibits the growth of K. pneumoniae, as evaluated by antimicrobial tests. Following further validation in vitro, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 demonstrated the capability to inhibit the adhesion and invasion of K. pneumoniae to bMECs. In a mouse model of K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 reduced the extent of neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory lesions. Furthermore, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 pretreatment significantly reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-a) in mouse mammary gland tissue. In K. pneumoniae-infected bMECs, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 significantly lowered lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1. The results demonstrated that the newly isolated L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 from bovine sources exhibits promising characteristics as a safe probiotic for the alleviation of bovine mastitis due to its safety profile and anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:08:40Z","timestamp":1743505720000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Probiotic Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum SDN1.2 and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae-Infected Mammary Glands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingdi","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiyi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinna","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252319000094","article-title":"Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis","volume":"21","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. 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