{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:11:01Z","timestamp":1790100661138,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23490023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23490023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies remains a significant public health and economic concern in Kazakhstan, particularly in rural livestock-farming communities. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) related to rabies among livestock farmers in the Aktobe and Oral regions of West Kazakhstan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and August 2022, involving 688 randomly selected participants. The data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that 89% of respondents were aware of rabies, yet significant knowledge gaps existed regarding clinical signs, transmission, and prevention. While 87% recognized the importance of rabies vaccination in dogs, 81% were unaware of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for cattle, and 72% lacked knowledge of PrEP for humans. Awareness of the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen was significantly higher in the Aktobe region (p &lt; 0.002). Attitudinal differences were observed, with the Oral region participants exhibiting more favorable perceptions of rabies control programs (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, the \u03c72 test revealed that the proportion of female respondents (p &lt; 0.02), those with school-aged dependents (p &lt; 0.003), respondents owning both exotic and indigenous cattle breeds (p &lt; 0.002), and those possessing more than five cattle (p &lt; 0.025) was statistically different in the Oral region. Practices such as free grazing, lack of protective equipment use, and improper carcass disposal were identified as potential risk factors for rabies transmission. This study highlights the need for targeted educational initiatives to improve rabies awareness and promote safer livestock management practices. Enhancing veterinary surveillance, strengthening community engagement, and expanding vaccination efforts could mitigate rabies transmission risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1745440997000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Smallholder Cattle Farmers\u2019 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Rabies: A Regional Survey in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nurbek","family":"Ginayatov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, Zhangir KhanWest Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zukhra","family":"Aitpayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir KhanWest Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izimgali","family":"Zhubantayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir KhanWest Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Kassymbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Industrial Technologies, Innovative University of Eurasia, Pavlodar 140000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assylbek","family":"Zhanabayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulmira","family":"Abulgazimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raikhan","family":"Arynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hunting and Fisheries, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alim","family":"Bizhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assiya","family":"Mussayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxat","family":"Berdikulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Aisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaure","family":"Sayakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spandiyar","family":"Tursunkulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurkuisa","family":"Rametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geospatial Data Science, Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Akhmadiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shakarim University, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigul","family":"Bulasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurgul","family":"Jussupbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olzhas","family":"Yeskhojayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plague Microbiology and Epidemiology, Masgut Aikimbayev\u2019s National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Baikadamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaissar","family":"Kushaliyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, Zhangir KhanWest Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Burambayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar 140000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Issimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, K. ZhubanovAktobe Regional University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2019.1650447","article-title":"Land cover and land use classification performance of machine learning algorithms in a boreal landscape using Sentinel-2 data","volume":"57","author":"Abdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2016.455","article-title":"Revealing spatio-temporal patterns of rabies spread among various categories of animals in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2010\u20132013","volume":"11","author":"Abdrakhmanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geospat. 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