{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:19:43Z","timestamp":1791515983332,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of daily rhythms on the immune and inflammatory systems in horses, considering white blood cell count (WBCs), leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte populations, interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1). Ten Italian Saddle horses (7\u201312 years old, body weight 480 \u00b1 30 kg) underwent blood sampling every 4 h over a 24-h period. The COSINOR method was used to identify rhythms and their parameters. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify the differences in acrophase and robustness, and a multiple correlation analysis model (Pearson) was used to evaluate the relationships among the investigated parameters. WBCs, leukocyte subpopulations, CD4+, CD8+, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF\u03b1 exhibited daily rhythmicity. In particular, white WBCs, lymphocytes, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 reached their acrophases during the dark phase, while neuthrophils, CD4+, CD8+, and TNF\u03b1 showed a diurnal acrophase. One-way ANOVA showed a statistical difference in the acrophase among the investigated parameters (p &lt; 0.0001). The Pearson correlation matrix showed positive and negative relationships among the parameters. Circadian rhythms should be taken into consideration with the daily fluctuations in immune and inflammatory biomarkers to develop good management practices and improve welfare in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:24:16Z","timestamp":1745180656000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Circadian Oscillation of Leukocyte Subpopulations and Inflammatory Cytokines over a 24-H Period in Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Aragona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C\/da di Dio (S. Agata), 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C\/da di Dio (S. Agata), 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Arfuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"Briglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery \u201cKore\u201d, University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-1087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Piccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3049-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Giannetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aragona, F., Arfuso, F., Fazio, F., De Caro, S., Giudice, E., Monteverde, V., Piccione, G., and Giannetto, C. 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