{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:13:44Z","timestamp":1793387624287,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-KDP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-KDP"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"]}]},{"name":"Research Fellowship Programme","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"Research Fellowship Programme","award":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-KDP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-KDP"]}]},{"name":"Research Fellowship Programme","award":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-KDP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-KDP"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The poultry industry is a critical source of affordable protein worldwide; however, it faces continuous threats from various poultry diseases that significantly impact public health, economic stability, and food security. Knowledge of and examination of the transmission routes, risk factors, and environmental survival characteristics of the most important pathogens affecting poultry populations, as well as the importance of strict biosecurity, are pivotal. Transmission routes are split into direct and vector-borne pathways, and indirect ways, which include infections via contaminated surfaces and vector-borne pathways, including insects and rodents. Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus spread through respiratory droplets, and their transmission risk increases with increasing stocking density. While other pathogens (e.g., infectious bursal disease virus and Salmonella spp.), to persist long-term in the environments, for example, feed and litter, increasing the probability to persist long-term in the environments, for example, feed and litter, increasing the probability of infection. The long-term resilience of pathogens in multiple pathogens in various environmental conditions highlights the role of biosecurity, sanitation, and hygiene controls in preventing disease outbreaks. High stocking density in production systems, suboptimal ventilation, and inadequate biosecurity controls further increase transmission risks. This paper summarizes important disease transmissions and reinforces the need for strict biosecurity protocols and routine health monitoring to prevent the spread of pathogens within and beyond poultry facilities. These strategies can support safe poultry production, address growing global demand, and ensure food safety and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T04:08:26Z","timestamp":1745208506000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Biosecurity Implications, Transmission Routes and Modes of Economically Important Diseases in Domestic Fowl and Turkey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9281-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Poultry-Care Kft., H5052 \u00dajsz\u00e1sz, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerda","family":"Domaf\u00f6ldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Poultry-Care Kft., H5052 \u00dajsz\u00e1sz, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia-Charlotte","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8355-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry-Care Kft., H5052 \u00dajsz\u00e1sz, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Digital Food Science, Institute of Food Chain Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 P\u00e9ter","family":"K\u00f6nyves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia, Y.A., Rahman, M.T., Hossain, M.J., Basiouni, S., Khafaga, A.F., Shehata, A.A., and Hafez, H.M. 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