{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:06:03Z","timestamp":1783584363113,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesize that bacteria isolated from free-ranging animals could potentially be useful for practical applications. To meet this objective a Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) using Brucella broth with hemin and vitamin K (BBHK). By small ribosomal RNA (16S) gene sequencing the bacterium was initially identified as a novel Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strain. The bacterium could be propagated both anaerobically and aerobically and was both catalase\/oxidase negative and negative by the starch hydrolysis as well as negative using lipase assays. The reference whole genome sequence (WGS) was obtained using both Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The genome assembly was 3,512,202 bp in length, encoding core bacterial genes with a GC% content of 34.48. No lysogenic bacteriophage genes were detected, although the genome harbors genes for the expression of bacteriocin and other secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), WGS phylogenetics, average nucleotide identity (ANI), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of the isolate\u2019s genome indicate this bacterium is a newly identified Carnobacterium maltaromaticum sequence type (ST). Members of the Carnobacteria have anti-listeria activities, highlighting their potential functional properties. Consequently, the isolate could be a potential probiotic for canids and this is the first report on an axenic C. maltaromaticum culture from the genus Canis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:48:33Z","timestamp":1745840913000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reference Whole Genome Sequence Analyses and Characterization of a Novel Carnobacterium\u00a0maltaromaticum Distinct Sequence Type Isolated from a North American Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Gastrointestinal Tract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"C. Cristoph","family":"Klews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessika L.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel N.","family":"Atchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Cousins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Barnard-Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, OSU Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, 134 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Michael","family":"Netherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EzBiome Inc., 704 Quince Orchard Rd Suite 250, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EzBiome Inc., 704 Quince Orchard Rd Suite 250, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-3310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3865-2245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan S.","family":"Forsythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"},{"name":"Integrative Biology Department, Oregon State University, 2403 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick N.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6551-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce S.","family":"Seal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, Oregon State University-Cascades, 1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, OR 97702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A Taxonomic Note on the Genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 Novel Genera, Emended Description of the Genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and Union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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