{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:14:01Z","timestamp":1760058841437,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Florida\u2019s Jeff and Jo Godwin Advanced Small Animal Surgical Training &amp; Canine Gait Laboratory"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advancements in surgical techniques, including the utilization of intra-operative fluoroscopy and custom surgical guides, intra-articular implant placement during the pinning of capital physeal fractures can occur and may result in catastrophic complications. Our objective in this study was to compare the epiphyseal purchase afforded by a linear and triangular pattern of Kirschner wires for stabilizing femoral capital physeal fractures. Archived pelvic limb computed tomography scans of 16 skeletally immature dogs were obtained, from which virtual femoral models were created. Separate linear and triangular arrangements of three virtual 1.6 mm Kirschner wires were centered on the thickest region of the proximal epiphysis. The length of each Kirschner wire implanted within the proximal femoral epiphysis was measured. Kirschner wire placement in triangular and linear patterns resulted in a mean epiphyseal purchase for each wire of 8.4 mm and 8.0 mm, respectively. The cumulative Kirschner wire purchase was greater with the triangular pattern (p = 0.004). The mean difference in the cumulative wire purchase was 1.3 mm. The use of a triangular Kirschner wire pattern resulted in greater implant purchase within the epiphysis compared to the linear pattern. The triangular Kirschner wire pattern may reduce the risk of intra-articular implant placement by more closely centering the wires within the thickest region of the epiphysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1745912976000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Silico Comparison of Two Kirschner Wire Arrangements for Stabilization of Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Logan M.","family":"Scheuermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 326608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 326608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13867","article-title":"Closed reduction and fluoroscopic-guided percutaneous pinning of femoral capital physeal or neck fractures: Thirteen fractures in 11 dogs","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.09.001","article-title":"Percutaneous Pinning for Fracture Repair in Dogs and Cats","volume":"50","author":"Hudson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1989.194.12.1750","article-title":"Internal fixation of femoral capital physeal injuries in dogs: 40 cases (1979\u20131987)","volume":"194","author":"DeCamp","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14185","article-title":"Evaluation of 3D-printed patient-specific guides to facilitate fluoroscopic-assisted Kirschner wire stabilization of simulated capital physeal fractures in 3D-printed dog femur models","volume":"54","author":"Deveci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Scheuermann, L.M., Lewis, D.D., and Evans, R.B. (2024, January 10\u201317). In Silico Comparison of Two Kirschner Wire Arrangements for Stabilization of Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Veterinary Orthopedic Society Conference, Lake Tahoe, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comrie, M.L., Monteith, G., Linden AZur Oblak, M., Phillips, J., and James, F.M.K. (2019). The accuracy of computed tomography scans for rapid prototyping of canine skulls. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214123"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.05.886","article-title":"Femoral capital physeal fractures in dogs: 34 cases (1979\u20131989)","volume":"198","author":"Gibson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B3.8496219","article-title":"Unrecognised joint penetration in treatment of femoral neck fractures","volume":"75","author":"Noordeen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198405000-00004","article-title":"The problem of evaluating in situ pinning of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: An experimental model and a review of 63 consecutive cases","volume":"4","author":"Lehman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198605000-00002","article-title":"Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: An analysis of 80 patients as to pin placement and number","volume":"6","author":"Stambough","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1302\/1863-2548-11-160174","article-title":"Fluoroscopic imaging overestimates the screw tip to subchondral bone distance in a cadaveric model of slipped capital femoral epiphysis","volume":"11","author":"Heffernan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.11.2136","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of three internal fixations for treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in immature dogs","volume":"53","author":"Belkoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/5\/422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:24:05Z","timestamp":1760030645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/5\/422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12050422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12050422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]}}}