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This mechanism involves multi-level interactions, including viral genetic adaptability, host\u2013receptor compatibility, and ecological drivers. Recent studies have highlighted the essential role of mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in overcoming host barriers, while elucidating the differences in the distribution of host sialic acid receptors. Furthermore, the \u201cmixer\u201d function of intermediate hosts, such as pigs, plays a significant role in viral redistribution. Advances in high-throughput sequencing and structural biology technologies have gradually resolved key molecular markers and host restriction factors associated with these viruses. However, challenges remain in understanding the dynamic evolutionary patterns of virus\u2013host interaction networks, developing real-time early warning capabilities for cross-species transmission, and formulating broad-spectrum prevention and control strategies. Moving forward, it is essential to integrate multidisciplinary approaches to establish a multi-level defense system, leveraging the \u2018One Health\u2019 monitoring network, artificial intelligence prediction models, and new vaccine research and development to address the ongoing threat of cross-species transmission of influenza viruses. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and discusses bottlenecks in this field, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing future prevention and control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T04:20:26Z","timestamp":1746591626000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Review of Cross-Species Transmission Mechanisms of Influenza Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiesuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangwei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2454-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, S.J., Hsu, Y.M., Huang, S.W., Tsai, H.P., Lee, L.Y.Y., Hurt, A.C., Barr, I.G., Shih, S.R., and Wang, J.R. 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