{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:02:21Z","timestamp":1791918141844,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with significant public health implications. Understanding the risks of consuming unpasteurized (raw) milk is critical for effective control measures. A quantitative risk assessment was conducted to estimate Brucella abortus contamination in milk from unregulated sources in Punjab, India, where 70% of milk is sold unpasteurized. Samples from lactating cattle and buffalo (N = 261) in ten villages were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and indirect IgG ELISA. Modelled risk pathways estimated B. abortus shedding probabilities and colony-forming unit (CFU) concentrations in milk, with Sobol sensitivity analysis identifying influential parameters. Buffalo had a higher estimated shedding prevalence (0.04, 95% PI: 0.02\u20130.07) than cattle (6.3 \u00d7 10\u22123, 95% PI: 2.5 \u00d7 10\u22123\u201313.2 \u00d7 10\u22123). Mean contamination levels were 2843 CFU\/100 mL (95% PI: 0\u201332,693 CFU\/100 mL) for cattle, 17,963 CFU\/100 mL (95% PI: 612\u201367,121 CFU\/100 mL) for buffalo, and 7587 CFU\/100 mL (95% PI: 82\u201339,038 CFU\/100 mL) combined. High-shedding animals were the most influential factor (total effect sensitivity index of 0.86 [95% CI: 0.63\u20130.74]). Removing high-shedding animals reduced risk considerably for people who might drink raw milk once (absolute risk reduction of up to 54% in buffalo milk), but once-per-month consumption is still likely high risk. Effective risk mitigation requires a One Health approach, strengthening both public and animal health interventions, because animal health strategies alone will fail if milk from high-shedding animals reaches the unregulated milk market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T03:59:26Z","timestamp":1747108766000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk Assessment of Brucella Exposure Through Raw Milk Consumption in India: One Health Implications and Control Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vijay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balbir B.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India"},{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052","article-title":"Global Estimate of Human Brucellosis Incidence","volume":"29","author":"Laine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. 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